Hypnotherapy compared to cognitive-behavioral therapy for smoking cessation in a randomized controlled trial

Anil Batra; Sandra Eck; Björn Riegel; Sibylle Friedrich; Kristina Fuhr; Iris Torchalla; Sven Tönnies

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1330362

Hypnotherapy compared to cognitive-behavioral therapy for smoking cessation in a randomized controlled trial

Front Psychol. 2024 Feb 27:15:1330362. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1330362. eCollection 2024.

Authors

Anil Batra¹, Sandra Eck¹, Björn Riegel², Sibylle Friedrich³, Kristina Fuhr¹, Iris Torchalla⁴, Sven Tönnies⁵

Affiliations

¹ Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section for Addiction Research and Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
² Private Practitioner, Hohenwestedt, Germany.
³ Private Practitioner, Quickborn, Germany.
⁴ West Coast Resiliency Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
⁵ Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.

Abstract

Worldwide, more than eight million people die each year as a result of tobacco use. A large proportion of smokers who want to quit are interested in alternative smoking cessation methods, of which hypnotherapy is the most popular. However, the efficacy of hypnotherapy as a tobacco cessation intervention cannot be considered sufficiently proven due to significant methodological limitations in the studies available to date. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of a hypnotherapeutic group program for smoking cessation with that of an established cognitive-behavioral group program in a randomized controlled trial. A total of 360 smokers who were willing to quit were randomly assigned to either hypnotherapy (HT) or cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) at two study sites, without regard to treatment preference. They each underwent a 6 weeks smoking cessation course (one 90 min group session per week) and were followed up at regular intervals over a 12 months period. The primary outcome variable was defined as continuous abstinence from smoking according to the Russell standard, verified by a carbon monoxide measurement at three measurement time points. Secondary outcome variables were 7 days point prevalence abstinence during the 12 months follow up and the number of cigarettes the non-quitters smoked per smoking day (smoking intensity). Generalized estimating equations were used to test treatment condition, hypnotic suggestibility, and treatment expectancy as predictors of abstinence. The two interventions did not differ significantly in the proportion of participants who remained continuously abstinent throughout the follow-up period (CBT: 15.6%, HT: 15.0%) and also regarding the 7 days abstinence rates during the 12 months follow-up (CBT: 21.2%, HT: 16.7%). However, when controlling for hypnotic suggestibility, CBT showed significantly higher 7 days abstinence rates. In terms of the continuous abstinence rates, it can be concluded that the efficacy of hypnotherapeutic methods for smoking cessation seem to be comparable to established programs such as CBT.

Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT01129999.

Keywords: cognitive-behavioral therapy; hypnotherapy; nicotine dependence; smoking cessation; tobacco use.

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01129999

Grants and funding

The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. The study was financially supported by the German Cancer Aid (Deutsche Krebshilfe), project number 108368, awarded to AB. The project was part of the funding priority program “Primary prevention, alcohol and nicotine” with the title “Therapy study on the comparative effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral and a hypnotherapeutic tobacco cessation program”. The funding source was not involved in the study design, the preparation and conduction of the trial, the preparation and analysis of date, and the manuscript.