Escalating climate-related health risks for Hajj pilgrims to Mecca

Saber Yezli; Salleh Ehaideb; Yara Yassin; Badriah Alotaibi; Abderrezak Bouchama

doi:10.1093/jtm/taae042

Escalating climate-related health risks for Hajj pilgrims to Mecca

J Travel Med. 2024 Mar 8:taae042. doi: 10.1093/jtm/taae042. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Saber Yezli¹, Salleh Ehaideb², Yara Yassin³, Badriah Alotaibi⁴, Abderrezak Bouchama²

Affiliations

¹ Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
² Experimental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University of Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
³ Federation of Saudi Chambers Institute, Federation of Saudi Chambers, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁴ Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

PMID: 38457640
DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taae042

Abstract

Background: Global temperatures are on the rise, leading to more frequent and severe heatwaves with associated health risks. Heat-related illnesses are an increasing threat for travellers to hot climate destinations. This study was designed to elucidate the interplay between increasing ambient temperatures, incidence of heat-related illnesses, and the effectiveness of mitigation strategies during the annual Hajj mass gathering over a 40-year period.

Methods: An observational study was conducted utilizing historical records spanning four decades of meteorological data, and the rates of heat stroke and heat exhaustion during the Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. With an annual population exceeding two million participants from over 180 countries, the study analyzed temporal variations in weather conditions over two distinct Hajj hot cycles and correlated it with the occurrence of heat stroke and heat exhaustion. The effectiveness of deployed mitigation measures in alleviating health vulnerabilities between the two cycles was also assessed.

Results: Throughout the study period, average dry and wet bulb temperatures in Mecca escalated by 0.4°C (Mann-Kendall p<0.0001) and 0.2°C (Mann-Kendall p=0.25) per decade respectively. Both temperatures were strongly correlated with the incidence of heat stroke and heat exhaustion (p<0.001). Despite the intensifying heat, the mitigation strategies including individual, structural and community measures were associated with a substantial 74.6% reduction in heat stroke cases and a 47.6% decrease in case fatality rate.

Conclusion: The study underscores the escalating climate-related health risks in Mecca over the study period. The mitigation measures' efficacy in such a globally representative setting emphasizes the findings' generalizability and the importance of refining public health interventions in the face of rising temperatures.

Keywords: Ambient Temperatures; Climate change; Health Outcomes; Heat exhaustion; Heat stroke; Incidence; Mass gatherings; Mitigation Strategies; Mortality; Public health.