Cross enclosed square split ring resonator based on D.N.G. metamaterial absorber for X-band glucose sensing application

Muhammad Amir Khalil; Wong Hin Yong; Md Shabiul Islam; Ahasanul Hoque; Cham Chin Leei; Mohamed S Soliman; Mohammad Tariqul Islam

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26646

Cross enclosed square split ring resonator based on D.N.G. metamaterial absorber for X-band glucose sensing application

Heliyon. 2024 Feb 17;10(5):e26646. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26646. eCollection 2024 Mar 15.

Authors

Muhammad Amir Khalil¹, Wong Hin Yong¹, Md Shabiul Islam¹, Ahasanul Hoque², Cham Chin Leei¹, Mohamed S Soliman^{3

4}, Mohammad Tariqul Islam⁵

Affiliations

¹ Faculty of Engineering (FOE), Multimedia University (MMU), 63100 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
² Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
³ Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia.
⁴ Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Energy Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt.
⁵ Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.

Abstract

This article presents a novel real-time meta-material (MM) sensor based on a non-invasive method that operates in microwave frequency ranges at 8.524 GHz to measure blood glucose levels with quality factor 184 is designed and fabricated. A cross enclosed between two square shapes produces a strong interaction between glucose samples and electromagnetic waves. In this study, 5 were tested noninvasively using the proposed glucose resonant sensor with a range of glucose-level changes from 50 to 130 mg/dL. For this range of glucose-level changes, the frequency detection resolution is 5.06 MHz/(mg/dL), respectively. Despite simulations, fabrication procedures (F.P.) have been carried out for more precise result verification. For the purpose of qualitative analysis, the proposed MM sensor is considered a viable candidate for determining glucose levels.

Keywords: Diabetes; Glucose; Metamaterial; Sensor.