Insights into the source contributions to the elevated fine particulate matter in Nigeria using a source-oriented chemical transport model

Ishaq Dimeji Sulaymon; Fei Ye; Kangjia Gong; Alaa Mhawish; Xie Xiaodong; Salman Tariq; Jinxi Hua; Jumaan Saad Alqahtani; Jianlin Hu

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141548

Insights into the source contributions to the elevated fine particulate matter in Nigeria using a source-oriented chemical transport model

Chemosphere. 2024 Feb 26:141548. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141548. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Ishaq Dimeji Sulaymon¹, Fei Ye², Kangjia Gong², Alaa Mhawish³, Xie Xiaodong², Salman Tariq⁴, Jinxi Hua⁵, Jumaan Saad Alqahtani³, Jianlin Hu⁶

Affiliations

¹ Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Sand and Dust Storm Warning Regional Center, National Center for Meteorology, Jeddah, 21431, Saudi Arabia.
² Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
³ Sand and Dust Storm Warning Regional Center, National Center for Meteorology, Jeddah, 21431, Saudi Arabia.
⁴ Remote Sensing, GIS and Climatic Research Lab (National Center of GIS and Space Applications), Centre for Remote Sensing, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
⁵ School of Architecture, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China.
⁶ Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China. Electronic address: jianlinhu@nuist.edu.cn.

PMID: 38417489
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141548

Abstract

In 2021, Nigeria was ranked by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the top countries with highly deteriorating air quality in the world. To date, no study has elucidated the sources of elevated fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) concentrations over the entire Nigeria. In this study, the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was applied to quantify the contributions of seven emissions sectors to PM_2.5 and its components in Nigeria in 2021. Residential, industry, and agriculture were the major sources of primary PM (PPM) during the four seasons, elemental carbon (EC) and primary organic carbon (POC) were dominated by residential and industry, while residential, industry, transportation, and agriculture were the important sources of secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) and its components in most regions. PM_2.5 was up to 150 μg/m³ in the north in all the seasons, while it reached ∼80 μg/m³ in the south in January. Residential contributed most to PM_2.5 (∼80 μg/m³), followed by industry (∼40 μg/m³), transportation (∼20 μg/m³), and agriculture (∼15 μg/m³). The large variation in the sources of PM_2.5 and its components across Nigeria suggests that emissions control strategies should be separately designed for different regions. The results imply that urgent control of PM_2.5 pollution in Nigeria is highly necessitated.

Keywords: Nigeria; PM(2.5); Primary particulate matter; Secondary inorganic aerosols; Source apportionment; WRF-CMAQ.