Color Doppler ultrasound and real-time elastography in patients with hypothyroidism for the prediction of levothyroxine replacement: a cross-sectional study of 338 patients

Nikolaos Angelopoulos; Dimitrios G Goulis; Ioannis Chrisogonidis; Sarantis Livadas; Ioannis Iakovou

doi:10.1007/s40477-024-00876-x

Color Doppler ultrasound and real-time elastography in patients with hypothyroidism for the prediction of levothyroxine replacement: a cross-sectional study of 338 patients

J Ultrasound. 2024 Feb 23. doi: 10.1007/s40477-024-00876-x. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Nikolaos Angelopoulos¹, Dimitrios G Goulis², Ioannis Chrisogonidis³, Sarantis Livadas⁴, Ioannis Iakovou⁵

Affiliations

¹ 2nd Academic Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, AHEPA University Hospital, Venizelou 26, Kavala, 65403, Thessaloniki, Greece. drangelnick@gmail.com.
² Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
³ Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
⁴ Endocrine Unit, Athens Medical Centre, Athens, Greece.
⁵ 2nd Academic Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, AHEPA University Hospital, Venizelou 26, Kavala, 65403, Thessaloniki, Greece.

PMID: 38393451
DOI: 10.1007/s40477-024-00876-x

Abstract

Aims: While hormonal assays are commonly used for thyroid function assessment, Doppler sonography provides valuable information on vascularization and blood flow. This study aimed to examine the potential associations between Doppler parameters and clinical characteristics of hypothyroid patients, such as the autoimmune nature of the disease and adequacy of LT4 replacement.

Methods: A total of 338 patients with hypothyroidism, primarily caused by autoimmune thyroiditis (AT), were enrolled in this study. Exclusion criteria comprised specific medical conditions, medication history, and nodular abnormalities of the thyroid gland. Patient demographics (age, sex, BMI), treatment parameters (LT4 daily dose), and thyroid hormone levels (TSH, fT4) were recorded.

Results: Among the enrolled patients, 85.2% had autoimmune thyroiditis. Suboptimal levothyroxine (LT4) replacement was observed in 20.1% of patients at the time of enrollment. Patients with autoimmune thyroiditis had increased elastography ratios compared to those without autoimmune disease and present a positive association of elastography ratios with vascularity. In patients without autoimmune thyroiditis, those with suboptimal LT4 replacement had lower total thyroid volume. Patients with suboptimal LT4 replacement had higher peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end-diastolic velocity (EDV) in the inferior thyroid artery and lower resistive index (RI). The severity of hypothyroidism, as indicated by LT4 dose/body mass index (BMI), was negatively correlated with thyroid volume and EDV values of superior and inferior thyroid arteries. PSV of the inferior thyroid artery can predict suboptimal LT4 replacement (sensitivity 81.8%, specificity 42%).

Conclusions: In situations where obtaining blood tests may be challenging, utilizing color Doppler ultrasound can serve as an alternative method to assess treatment responses and identify patients who require further hormonal examinations.

Keywords: Autoimmune thyroiditis; Color doppler ultrasound; Elastography; Hypothyroidism.