Prognostic Impact and Spatial Interplay of Immune Cells in Urothelial Cancer

Abstract

Background: Quantity and the spatial relationship of specific immune cell types can provide prognostic information in bladder cancer.

Objective: To characterize the spatial interplay and prognostic role of different immune cell subpopulations in bladder cancer.

Design, setting, and participants: A total of 2463 urothelial bladder carcinomas were immunostained with 21 antibodies using BLEACH&STAIN multiplex fluorescence immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray format and analyzed using a framework of neuronal networks for an image analysis.

Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: Spatial immune parameters were compared with histopathological parameters and overall survival data.

Results and limitations: The identification of > 300 different immune cell subpopulations and the characterization of their spatial relationship resulted in numerous spatial interaction patterns. Thirty-nine immune parameters showed prognostic significance in univariate analyses, of which 16 were independent from pT, pN, and histological grade in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Among all these parameters, the strongest association with prolonged overall survival was identified for intraepithelial CD8⁺ cytotoxic T cells (time-dependent area under receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC]: 0.70), while stromal CD8⁺ T cells were less relevant (AUC: 0.65). A favorable prognosis of inflamed cancers with high levels of "exhaustion markers" suggests that TIM3, PD-L1, PD-1, and CTLA-4 on immune cells do not hinder antitumoral immune response in tumors rich of tumor infiltrating immune cells.

Conclusions: The density of intraepithelial CD8⁺ T cells was the strongest prognostic feature in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Given that tumor cell killing by CD8⁺ cytotoxic T lymphocytes through direct cell-to-cell-contacts represents the "terminal end route" of antitumor immunity, the quantity of "tumor cell adjacent CD8⁺ T cells" may constitute a surrogate for the efficiency of cancer recognition by the immune system that can be measured straightaway in routine pathology as the CD8 labeling index.

Patient summary: Quantification of intraepithelial CD8⁺ T cells, the strongest prognostic feature identified in muscle-invasive bladder cancer, can easily be assessed by brightfield immunohistochemistry and is therefore "ready to use" for routine pathology.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Bladder cancer; Immune checkpoints; Multiplex fluorescence immunohistochemistry; Spatial orchestration; Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes; Tumor microenvironment.