What is the role of nitrate/nitrite in trace organic contaminants degradation and transformation during UV-based advanced oxidation processes?

Abstract

The effectiveness of UV-based advanced oxidation processes (UV-AOPs) in degrading trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) can be significantly influenced by the ubiquitous presence of nitrate (NO₃^-) and nitrite (NO₂^-) in water and wastewater. Indeed, NO₃^-/NO₂^- can play multiple roles of NO₃^-/NO₂^- in UV-AOPs, leading to complexities and conflicting results observed in existing research. They can inhibit the degradation of TrOCs by scavenging reactive species and/or competitively absorbing UV light. Conversely, they can also enhance the elimination of TrOCs by generating additional •OH and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Furthermore, the presence of NO₃^-/NO₂^- during UV-AOP treatment can affect the transformation pathways of TrOCs, potentially resulting in the nitration/nitrosation of TrOCs. The resulting nitro(so)-products are generally more toxic than the parent TrOCs and may become precursors of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs) upon chlorination. Particularly, since the impact of NO₃^-/NO₂^- in UV-AOPs is largely due to the generation of RNS from NO₃^-/NO₂^- including NO•, NO₂•, and peroxynitrite (ONOO^-/ONOOH), this review covers the generation, properties, and detection methods of these RNS. From kinetic, mechanistic, and toxicologic perspectives, future research needs are proposed to advance the understanding of how NO₃^-/NO₂^- can be exploited to improve the performance of UV-AOPs treating TrOCs. This critical review provides a comprehensive framework outlining the multifaceted impact of NO₃^-/NO₂^- in UV-AOPs, contributing insights for basic research and practical applications of UV-AOPs containing NO₃^-/NO₂^-.

Keywords: Advanced oxidation processes; Nitrate; Nitrite; Trace organic contaminants; UV.