Purpose: To evaluate differences in knee kinematic outcomes of patellar-lowering surgery, specifically patellar tendon advancement or patellar tendon shortening, compared with no-patellar-lowering surgery in multilevel surgery for children with cerebral palsy and crouch gait.
Methods: Four databases were searched to retrieve studies published from inception until 2023. Three reviewers independently screened for studies with observational or randomized control designs, comparing two groups of patients with cerebral palsy and crouch gait who underwent multilevel surgery (with patellar-lowering surgery versus no-patellar-lowering surgery), where various gait analysis outcomes were reported (CRD42023450692). The risk of bias was assessed with the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies - of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool.
Results: Seven studies (249 patients and 368 limbs) met the eligibility criteria. Patients undergoing patellar-lowering surgery demonstrated statistically significant improvements in knee flexion at initial contact (mean difference = -6.39; 95% confidence interval = [-10.4, -2.75]; p = 0.0006; I2 = 84%), minimum knee flexion in stance (mean difference = -14.27; 95% confidence interval = [-18.31, -10.23]; p < 0.00001; I2 = 89%), and clinical knee flexion contracture (mean difference = -5.6; 95% confidence interval = [-9.59, -1.6]; p = 0.006; I2 = 95%), with a significant increase in anterior pelvic tilt (mean difference = 2.97; 95% confidence interval = [0.58, 5.36]; p = 0.01; I2 = 15%). However, improvements in gait deviation index and decrease in peak knee flexion in swing did not reach statistical significance. Subgroup analysis reduced heterogeneity and revealed (1) greater improvement using patellar tendon shortening versus patellar tendon advancement techniques; (2) lack of knee flexion contracture improvement in high-quality or longer-term studies; (3) longer-term improvement only in minimum knee flexion in stance, with a decrease in peak knee flexion in swing; and (4) an inability to assess the potential benefit of rectus femoris procedure and hamstring preservation.
Conclusions: Overall, the combination of patellar-lowering surgery with multilevel surgery demonstrated superior improvements in stance-phase knee kinematics compared with multilevel surgery alone, despite an increase in anterior pelvic tilt and a longer-term knee flexion reduction during the swing phase.
Level of evidence: Level III, Systematic review of level III studies.
Keywords: Cerebral palsy; crouch gait; gait analysis; knee extensor lag; knee flexion deformity; patella alta; patellar lowering; patellar tendon; quadriceps insufficiency; tibiofemoral joint.
© The Author(s) 2023.