Objectives: The optimal therapeutic methods for in-stent restenosis (ISR) after carotid artery stenting (CAS) remains controversial. This study aimed to use optical coherence tomography (OCT) to evaluate the in-stent architectures during endovascular angioplasty/stenting for ISR.
Materials and methods: Six lesions of ISR after CAS were evaluated by OCT during endovascular angioplasty/stenting.
Results: In one lesion, the OCT system could not be crossed because of elongation distal to the ISR lesion. In five lesions, pre-procedural OCT clearly revealed neointimal hyperplasia or neoatherosclerosis. The mean in-stent area stenosis was 84%. After regular balloon angioplasty, tissue compression and dissection of various sizes and layers were detected. After balloon angioplasty (with a mean balloon size of 5.4 mm), the minimum lumen area (from 1.7 ± 0.6 to 11.4 ± 5.3 mm2, p < 0.01) and the minimum in-stent area (12.7 ± 2.6 to 21.8 ± 5.0 mm2, p < 0.01) showed a significant increase. Additional stent was placed in one lesion that developed into a flap by dissection after balloon angioplasty. In another lesion in which sufficient dilatation was not achieved by balloon angioplasty, a major stroke occurred by acute occlusion of the ISR lesion 10 months later.
Conclusions: OCT can detect the in-stent architecture of ISR lesions after balloon angioplasty and additional stent placement. However, which dissection should be treated by additional stent remain problematic.
Keywords: Carotid artery stenting; in-stent restenosis; optical coherence tomography.