Enhancing preoperative diagnosis of microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma: domain-adaptation fusion of multi-phase CT images

Abstract

Objectives: In patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), accurately predicting the preoperative microvascular invasion (MVI) status is crucial for improving survival rates. This study proposes a multi-modal domain-adaptive fusion model based on deep learning methods to predict the preoperative MVI status in HCC.

Materials and methods: From January 2008 to May 2022, we collected 163 cases of HCC from our institution and 42 cases from another medical facility, with each case including Computed Tomography (CT) images from the pre-contrast phase (PCP), arterial phase (AP), and portal venous phase (PVP). We divided our institution's dataset (n=163) into training (n=119) and test sets (n=44) in an approximate 7:3 ratio. Additionally, we included cases from another institution (n=42) as an external validation set (test1 set). We constructed three single-modality models, a simple concatenated multi-modal model, two current state-of-the-art image fusion model and a multi-modal domain-adaptive fusion model (M-DAFM) based on deep learning methods. We evaluated and analyzed the performance of these constructed models in predicting preoperative MVI using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), decision curve analysis (DCA), and net reclassification improvement (NRI) methods.

Results: In comparison with all models, M-DAFM achieved the highest AUC values across the three datasets (0.8013 for the training set, 0.7839 for the test set, and 0.7454 for the test1 set). Notably, in the test set, M-DAFM's Decision Curve Analysis (DCA) curves consistently demonstrated favorable or optimal net benefits within the 0-0.65 threshold probability range. Additionally, the Net Reclassification Improvement (NRI) values between M-DAFM and the three single-modal models, as well as the simple concatenation model, were all greater than 0 (all p < 0.05). Similarly, the NRI values between M-DAFM and the two current state-of-the-art image fusion models were also greater than 0. These findings collectively indicate that M-DAFM effectively integrates valuable information from multi-phase CT images, thereby enhancing the model's preoperative predictive performance for MVI.

Conclusion: The M-DAFM proposed in this study presents an innovative approach to improve the preoperative predictive performance of MVI.

Keywords: domain adaptation; feature fusion; hepatocellular carcinoma; microvascular invasion; multi-modal.