Probing the Mechanism of Action of Bis(phenolato) Amine (ONO Donor Set) Titanium(IV) Anticancer Agents

J Med Chem. 2024 Feb 22;67(4):2732-2744. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01874. Epub 2024 Feb 8.

Abstract

The need for anticancer therapies that overcome metallodrug resistance while minimizing adverse toxicities is targeted, herein, using titanium coordination complexes. Octahedral titanium(IV) trans,mer-[Ti{R1N(CH2-2-MeO-4-R1-C6H2)2}2] [R1 = Et, allyl, n-Pr, CHO, F, CH2(morpholino), the latter from the formyl derivative; R2 = Me, Et; not all combinations] are attained from Mannich reactions of commercial 2-methoxyphenols (27-74% overall yield, 2 steps). These crystalline (four X-ray structures) Ti(IV)-complexes are active against MCF-7, HCT-116, HT-29, PANC-1, and MDA-MB-468 cancer cell lines (GI50 = 0.5-38 μM). Their activity and cancer selectivity (vs nontumor MRC-5 cells) typically exceeds that of cisplatin (up to 16-fold). Proteomic analysis (in MCF-7) supported by other studies (G2/M cell cycle arrest, ROS generation, γH2AX production, caspase activation, annexin positivity, western blot, and kinase screens in MCF-7 and HCT-116) suggest apoptosis elicited by more than one mechanism of action. Comparison of these data to the modes of action proposed for salan Ti(IV) complexes is made.

MeSH terms

  • Amines / pharmacology
  • Antineoplastic Agents* / chemistry
  • Antineoplastic Agents* / pharmacology
  • Apoptosis
  • Cell Line, Tumor
  • Humans
  • Proteomics
  • Titanium* / chemistry
  • Titanium* / pharmacology

Substances

  • Titanium
  • Amines
  • Antineoplastic Agents