Background: Benign gallstone disease is the most frequent indication for cholecystectomy in the United States. Many patients present with complicated disease requiring urgent interventions, which increases morbidity and mortality. We investigated the association between individual and population-level social determinants of health (SDoH) with urgent versus elective cholecystectomy. Patients and Methods: All patients undergoing cholecystectomy (2014-2021) for benign gallstone disease were included. Demographic and clinical data were linked to population-level SDoH characteristics using census tracts. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: A total of 3,197 patients met inclusion criteria; 1,913 (59.84%) underwent urgent cholecystectomy, 1,204 (37.66%) underwent emergent cholecystectomy, and 80 (2.5%) underwent interval cholecystectomy. On multinomial logistic regression, patients who were older (relative risk [RR], 1.010; p < 0.001), black (RR, 1.634; p = 0.008), and living in census tracts with a higher percent of poverty (RR, 0.017; p = 0.021) had a higher relative risk of presenting for urgent cholecystectomy. Patients who were female (RR, 0.462; p < 0.001), had a primary care provider (PCP; RR, 0.821; p = 0.018), and lived in census tracts with low supermarket access (RR, 0.764; p = 0.038) had a lower relative risk of presenting for urgent cholecystectomy. Only age (RR, 1.066; p < 0.001), female gender (RR, 0.227; p < 0.001), and having a PCP (RR, 1.984; p = 0.034) were associated with presentation for interval cholecystectomy. Conclusions: Patients who were older, black, and living in census tracts with high poverty levels had a higher relative risk of presenting for urgent cholecystectomy at our institution, whereas females and patients with PCPs were more likely to undergo elective cholecystectomy. Improved access to primary care and surgical clinics for all patients at safety-net hospitals may result in improved outcomes in the management of benign gallstone disease by increasing diagnosis and treatment in the elective setting.
Keywords: access to care; cholecystectomy; social determinants of health.