An overview of multiple myeloma: A monoclonal plasma cell malignancy's diagnosis, management, and treatment modalities

Maisa Siddiq Abduh

doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103920

An overview of multiple myeloma: A monoclonal plasma cell malignancy's diagnosis, management, and treatment modalities

Saudi J Biol Sci. 2024 Feb;31(2):103920. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103920. Epub 2023 Dec 30.

Author

Maisa Siddiq Abduh^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Immune Responses in Different Diseases Research Group, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
² Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Abstract

Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell cancer with high mortality and morbidity rates. Its incidence rate has increased by 143% since 1975. Adipokines, cytokines, chemokines, and genetic variations influence the development and progression of MM. Chromosomal translocations cause mutations associated with MM. The pathogenesis of MM is complicated by novel issues like miRNAs, RANKL, Wnt/DKK1, Wnt, and OPG. Conventional diagnosis methods include bone marrow biopsy, sPEP or uPEP, sIFE and uIFE, and sFLC assay, along with advanced techniques such as FISH, SNPA, and gene expression technologies. A novel therapeutic strategy has been developed recently. Chemotherapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and a variety of drug classes in combination are used to treat patients with high-risk diseases. Alkylating agents, PIs, and IMiDs have all been developed as effective treatment options for MM in recent years. This review overviews the current recommendations for managing MGUS, SMM, MM, SP and NSMM and discusses practices in diagnosing and treating MM.

Keywords: Diagnosis; Immunomodulatory drug; Myeloma; Proteasome inhibitors.

Publication types

Review