Epicardial carbon dioxide insufflation is a novel technique for the identification of epicardial adhesions and targeting epicardial access

Affiliations

• ¹ Cardiac Electrophysiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Cardiology Department, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.
• ² Cardiac Electrophysiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
• ³ Cardiology Department, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.
• ⁴ Section of Cardiac Pacing and Electrophysiology, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio.
• ⁵ Cardiac Electrophysiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Electronic address: matthew.hyman@pennmedicine.upenn.edu.