First clinical evidence that trimethylsulfonium can serve as a biomarker for the production of the signaling molecule hydrogen sulfide

Abstract

Background: Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is established as the third gaseous signaling molecule and is known to be overproduced in down syndrome (DS) due to the extra copy of the CBS gene on chromosome 21, which has been suggested to contribute to the clinical manifestation of this condition. We recently discovered trimethylsulfonium (TMS) in human urine and highlighted its potential as a selective methylation metabolite of endogenously produced H₂S, but the clinical utility of this novel metabolite has not been previously investigated. We hypothesize that the elevation of H₂S production in DS would be reflected by an elevation in the methylation product TMS.

Methods: To test this hypothesis, a case-control study was performed and the urinary levels of TMS were found to be higher in the DS group (geo. mean 4.5 nM, 95 % CI 2.4-3.9) than in the control (N) group (3.1 nM, 3.5-6.0), p-value 0.01, whereas the commonly used biomarker of hydrogen sulfide, thiosulfate, failed to reflect this alteration in H₂S production (15 µM (N) vs. 13 µM (DS), p-value 0.24.

Results: The observed association is in line with the proposed hypothesis and provides first clinical evidence of the utility of TMS as a novel and more sensitive biomarker for the endogenous production of the third gaseous signaling molecule than the conventionally used biomarker thiosulfate, which is heavily dependent on bacterial hydrogen sulfide production.

Conclusion: This work shows that TMS must be explored in clinical conditions where altered metabolism of hydrogen sulfide is implicated.

Keywords: Down syndrome (DS); Hydrogen sulfide; Thiosulfate; Third gaseous signaling molecule; Trimethylsulfonium.