Monkeypox virus (MPXV): A Brief account of global spread, epidemiology, virology, clinical features, pathogenesis, and therapeutic interventions

Md Aminul Islam; Jubayer Mumin; Md Masudul Haque; Md Azizul Haque; Ahrar Khan; Prosun Bhattacharya; Md Atiqul Haque

doi:10.1016/j.imj.2023.11.001

Monkeypox virus (MPXV): A Brief account of global spread, epidemiology, virology, clinical features, pathogenesis, and therapeutic interventions

Infect Med (Beijing). 2023 Nov 5;2(4):262-272. doi: 10.1016/j.imj.2023.11.001. eCollection 2023 Dec.

Authors

Md Aminul Islam^{1

2}, Jubayer Mumin³, Md Masudul Haque⁴, Md Azizul Haque⁵, Ahrar Khan⁶, Prosun Bhattacharya⁷, Md Atiqul Haque^{8

9}

Affiliations

¹ Advanced Molecular Lab, Department of Microbiology, President Abdul Hamid Medical College, Karimganj 2310, Bangladesh.
² COVID-19 Diagnostic Lab, Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh.
³ Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
⁴ Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh.
⁵ Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh.
⁶ Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang 261061, China.
⁷ COVID-19 Research @KTH, Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
⁸ Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100019, China.
⁹ Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh.

Abstract

The largest monkeypox virus (MPXV) outbreak of the 21st century occurred in 2022, which caused epidemics in many countries. According to WHO, physical contact with infected persons, contaminated surfaces, or affected animals might be a source of this virus transmission. A febrile sickness including few symptoms found in MPX disease. Skin rash, lesions, fever, headache, fatigue, and muscle aches symptoms were observed commonly for this disease. Animal and in vitro, studies have shown that the antiviral medications cidofovir and brincidofovir are effective against MPXV. The first-generation vaccinia virus vaccine was developed in 1960, and it helped to protect against MPXV with its side effects. A second-generation vaccination with limitations was launched in 2000. However, the CDC advised vaccinations for risk groups in endemic countries, including positive patients and hospital employees. The JYNNEOS vaccine, administered in 2 doses, also provides protection from MPX. This article presents concisely the most recent findings regarding epidemiology, genomic transmission, signs and symptoms, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic interventions for MPXV, which may be helpful to researchers and practitioners. WHO declared that MPX was no longer a global health emergency due to its declining case rate, and a number of countries have reported new incidences. Further research-based investigations must be carried out based on the 2022 outbreak.

Keywords: Epidemiology; Genomic dissemination; Monkeypox (MPX); Monkeypox virus (MPXV); Re-emerging viruses; Vaccination and Treatment; Zoonotic diseases.

Publication types

Review