Micellar solution of [223Ra]RaCl2: Reaching renal excretion, potent efficacy in osteoblastic osteosarcoma in PDX model, biochemistry alterations and pharmacokinetics

Abstract

Despite the successful use of the radiopharmaceutical radium-223 dichloride ([²²³Ra]RaCl₂) for targeted alpha therapy of castration-resistant prostate cancer patients with bone metastases, some short-term side effects, such as diarrhea and vomiting, have been documented, causing patient discomfort. Hence, we prepared a nanosized micellar solution of [²²³Ra]RaCl₂ and evaluated its biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and induced biochemical changes in healthy mice up to 96 h after intraperitoneal administration as an alternative to overcome the previous limitations. In addition, we evaluated the bone specificity of micellar [²²³Ra]RaCl₂ in patient-derived xenografts in the osteosarcoma model. The biodistribution studies revealed the high bone-targeting properties of the micellar [²²³Ra]RaCl₂. Interestingly, the liver uptake remained significantly low (%ID/g = 0.1-0.02) from 24 to 96 h after administration. In addition, the micellar [²²³Ra]RaCl₂ exhibited a significantly higher uptake in left (%ID/g = 0.85-0.23) and right (%ID/g = 0.76-0.24) kidneys than in small (%ID/g = 0.43-0.06) and large intestines (%ID/g = 0.24-0.09) over time, suggesting its excretion pathway is primarily through the kidneys into the urine, in contrast to the non-micellar [²²³Ra]RaCl₂. The micellar [²²³Ra]RaCl₂ also had low distribution volume (0.055 ± 0.003 L) and longer elimination half-life (28 ± 12 days). This nanosystem was unable to change the enzymatic activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma GT, glucose, and liquiform lipase in the treated mice. Finally, microscopic examination of the animals' osteosarcoma tumors treated with micellar [²²³Ra]RaCl₂ indicated regression of the tumor, with large areas of necrosis. In contrast, in the control group, we observed tumor cellularity and cell anaplasia, mitotic figures and formation of neoplastic extracellular bone matrix, which are typical features of osteosarcoma. Therefore, our findings demonstrated the efficiency and safety of nanosized micellar formulations to minimize the gastrointestinal excretion pathway of the clinical radiopharmaceutical [²²³Ra]RaCl₂, in addition to promoting regression of the osteosarcoma. Further studies must be performed to assess dose-response outcomes and organ/tissue dosimetry for clinical translation.

Keywords: Anticancer effect; Biochemical changes; Micellar solution; Nanotechnology; Pharmacokinetics; Radium-223 dichloride; Renal excretion.