A lack of navigator's Situation Awareness (SA) is one of the leading causes of maritime accidents. Visually observing the area surrounding a vessel continues to be a critical aspect and best practice of safe navigation to establish and maintain SA. Augmented Reality (AR) allows the placement of information in a user's field of view, which can encourage navigators to spend more time looking up at their external environment whilst still having access to operational data. However, empirical evidence on the impact of AR on maritime operations is limited. This paper investigates the effects of AR on navigator SA & Head-Down Time (HDT) using a within-group quasi-experimental design. Seventeen licensed navigators and nautical students analysed twelve navigation scenarios: six non-AR (control) and six AR (experimental) scenarios using a maritime training simulator. SA was measured via SAGAT scores for each scenario and the SA-SWORD to compare preferences. Each scenario was video recorded and analysed for participant's total amount of HDT and head-down occurrences in each scenario. Results found that the addition of AR significantly reduced participant HDT (by a factor of 2.67) and head-down occurrences (by 62%) in comparison to navigation scenarios without AR. Furthermore, AR did not significantly improve mean SA. This study contributes to the limited empirical data on the effects of AR on operator performance, demonstrating the potential value of AR for improving SA and facilitating increased head-up time during maritime navigation, which in turn could improve safety at sea.
Keywords: Head-up display; Human machine interface; Maritime; Navigation; Safety; User-centred design.
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