Determinants of waterpipe smoking in Iranian adults: results from the IROPICAN study

Monireh Sadat Seyyedsalehi; Aneri Shah; Hamideh Rashidian; Maryam Hadji; Maryam Marzban; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Azim Nejatizadeh; Paolo Boffetta; Kazem Zendehdel

doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1292503

Determinants of waterpipe smoking in Iranian adults: results from the IROPICAN study

Front Psychiatry. 2023 Dec 7:14:1292503. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1292503. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Monireh Sadat Seyyedsalehi^{1

2}, Aneri Shah³, Hamideh Rashidian², Maryam Hadji^{2

4}, Maryam Marzban^{5

6}, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam⁷, Azim Nejatizadeh⁸, Paolo Boffetta^{1

9

10}, Kazem Zendehdel^{2

11}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
² Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
³ Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
⁴ Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
⁵ Statistical Genetics Lab, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
⁶ Clinical Research Development Center, The Persian Gulf Martyrs, Bushehr University of Medical Science, Bushehr, Iran.
⁷ Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
⁸ Tobacco and Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
⁹ Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.
¹⁰ Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.
¹¹ Cancer Biology Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Introduction: Waterpipe smoking has become increasingly popular in Western countries, particularly among young individuals. This study aims to identify the factors influencing waterpipe smoking by focusing on consumption patterns.

Methods: We utilized data from a multicenter case-control study (IROPICAN) conducted in Iran. Multivariate logistic regression estimated the adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals as a measure of association between waterpipe smoking and different factors.

Results: Among 3,477 subjects were included, 11.8% were waterpipe smokers. Most of <50 years old smokers were occasional (80%), while daily smokers were often >50 years (85%). Around 59% of occasional users started it before 30 years old. Low education, low SES, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, secondhand smoke exposure, and opium use were associated with waterpipe smoking. Stratified analysis by frequency pattern showed an association between occasional smoking with age 0.97 (0.96-0.98), university degree 0.36 (0.17-0.76), urban dwellers 1.40 (1.06-1.86) and between high SES and daily smoking 0.34 (0.17-0.69).

Conclusion: Our results offer valuable information to policymakers for developing waterpipe smoking control measures. The occasional waterpipe smoking results may be generalized to the younger people in Western countries.

Keywords: diseases; prevention; public health; tobacco; water pipe.

Grants and funding

The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. The study was funded by the National Institute of Medical Research Development (NIMAD) (Grant No. 940045), the Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC, Grant No. IG-24706).