"Health Outcomes of Grandparents Caring for Double Orphans in South Africa": What Are the Determinants?

Salmon Likoko; Monica Ewomazino Akokuwebe; Godswill Nwabuisi Osuafor; Erhabor Sunday Idemudia

doi:10.3390/ijerph20247158

"Health Outcomes of Grandparents Caring for Double Orphans in South Africa": What Are the Determinants?

Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Dec 8;20(24):7158. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20247158.

Authors

Salmon Likoko¹, Monica Ewomazino Akokuwebe², Godswill Nwabuisi Osuafor³, Erhabor Sunday Idemudia²

Affiliations

¹ Statistics South Africa, ISIbalo House, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
² Faculty of Humanities, North-West University, Mafikeng 2735, South Africa.
³ Department of Population Studies and Demography, North-West University, Mafikeng 2735, South Africa.

Abstract

In the 21st century, grandparenthood is a significant phenomenon in the fields of demography, gerontology, and sociology. It is mainly explored in the context of ageing, as it is poised to become one of the most significant demographic phenomena and social issues in contemporary South Africa. Therefore, this study examined the determinants associated with grandparents who are parenting as caregivers and the health challenges they are exposed to as caregivers. The National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) Wave 5 dataset was utilised, and a total of 302,476 grandparents aged 25 years and older, who were reported to be primary caregivers of double orphans, were included in the analysis. Both bivariate and multivariate binary logistic regressions were performed to determine the predictors of the determinants of grandparents parenting as caregivers and their health challenges in South Africa. Estimated odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used, and the threshold for statistical significance was established at ρ < 0.05. A majority of the male and female grandparent caregivers were aged 24-34 years, were Black Africans (69.8%), had secondary education (46.9%), reported health challenges (HC) (59.7%), with 26.4% reporting headaches in the last 30 days. Logistic regression revealed that grandparent caregivers aged 55-64 years were 8.9 times more likely to report health challenges compared to those aged 25-34 years. Non-Black African grandparent caregivers were found to be 0.61 times less likely to report health challenges, compared to Black African grandparent caregivers. Those with perceived poor health status were 3.3 times more likely to report health challenges, compared to those with excellent perceived health status. Therefore, there is an urgent need to redesign health interventions to address these health burdens among grandparent caregivers and to take cognisance of providing economic and social support for these vulnerable populations.

Keywords: ageing; caregivers; demography; gerontology; grandparents; health; orphans.

MeSH terms

Caregivers
Female
Grandparents*
Health Status
Humans
Male
Outcome Assessment, Health Care
South Africa / epidemiology

Grants and funding

This study was not funded. However, the authors also gratefully acknowledge the support of Statistics South Africa and North-West University Faculty of Humanities, Mafikeng, South Africa, for funding the 2023 South African Sociological Association conference, University of Zululand, South Africa.