From birth to lying on- or under a supplemental heat source: How long does it take for half the litter to lie down and how long do they stay?

Abstract

Piglets are susceptible to hypothermia because they lack hair and energy reserves, have a large surface area to body weight ratio, and have poor body thermostability. Different heat sources are used on farm, but it is not known how long it takes half a litter to locate it and lie down. The objectives of this study were to determine 1) how long it took for ≥ 50% of piglets to locate and lie on- or under the supplemental heat source for ≥ 5 min after the birth of the last-born pig and, 2) how long this cohort of piglets laid on- or under the heat source. A total of 12 sows were enrolled in the study (parity 1 = 4; 3 = 2; 4 = 2; 5 = 2; and 7 = 2). The stall containing one sow and her litter was the experimental unit. Two treatments were compared: 1) Baby Pig Heat Mat-Single 48 (MAT) and 2) Poly Heat Lamp (LAMP). Temperature was 32°C for both heat source treatments. Sow and litter video recordings occurred continually over a 24-h period on the day of farrowing. Two measures were determined 1) how long it took for ≥ 50% of piglets to locate and lie on- or under the supplemental heat source for ≥ 5 min after the birth of the last-born pig (h:min), and 2) how long this cohort of piglets laid on- or under the heat source (min:sec). Lying was defined as either sternal or lateral recumbency with ≥ 75% of the piglet's body touching the heat mat or inside the lamp heat circle. Production records were used to verify farrowing date, total number of piglets born, and born alive. No cross fostering occurred during this study. All data will be presented descriptively. On average, sows assigned to the LAMP treatment took ~2 ½-h to farrow, and for sows assigned to the MAT ~3 ½-h, respectively. Piglets took between ~5-h (LAMP) and ~9-h (MAT) for ≥ 50% of piglets to locate and lie on- or under the supplemental heat source for ≥ 5 min after the birth of the last piglet. Cohort of piglets laid on- or under the heat source as follows, LAMP piglets spent ~29 mins lying and for MAT piglets ~42 mins, respectively. Average pre-weaning mortality was 11% (LAMP) and 18% (MAT). The MAT heat source used less energy than the LAMP (16 vs. 63 kWh) over the study duration. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first published study using a continuous sampling method to precisely examine a new measure (time needed for ≥ 50% of piglets to locate and lie on- or under the supplemental heat source for ≥ 5 min after the birth of the last-born piglet) and to determine how long this cohort of piglets laid on- or under the heat source. Our findings show an immense range in locating and lying under- or on the heat source. Therefore, we suggest that caretakers should assist all piglets to locate the heat source after farrowing is complete to improve piglet livability.