Crossing the Solubility Rubicon: 15-Crown-5 Facilitates the Preparation of Water-Soluble Sulfo-NHS Esters in Organic Solvents

Bioconjug Chem. 2024 Jan 17;35(1):22-27. doi: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00396. Epub 2023 Dec 12.

Abstract

The Sulfo-NHS ester is a mainstay reagent for facilitating amide bond formation between carboxylic acids and amine functionalities in water. However, the preparation of Sulfo-NHS esters currently requires hydrophobic carboxylic acids, which are poorly water-soluble, to first be reacted with the N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide sodium salt, which is insoluble in organic solvents. The mutually incompatible solvation requirements thus complicate the synthesis of Sulfo-NHS esters. As a simple, rapid, and cost-effective solution to this problem, we report that the use of 15-crown-5 to complex the sodium cation of N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide sodium salt circumnavigates these solvation incompatibility issues by rendering the N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide salt soluble in organic solvents, resulting in a cleaner esterification reaction and thus improved yields of activated ester product. We also demonstrate that the resultant "crowned" Sulfo-NHS-ester remains water-soluble and is no less reactive than its classic "uncrowned" Sulfo-NHS counterpart when used in bioconjugation reactions between protein amine-functionalities and hydrophobic carboxylic acids.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Amines
  • Crown Ethers*
  • Esters*
  • Proteins
  • Sodium
  • Solubility
  • Solvents / chemistry
  • Succinimides*
  • Water*

Substances

  • Water
  • N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide
  • Esters
  • N-hydroxysulfosuccimide
  • 15-crown-5
  • Solvents
  • Proteins
  • Amines
  • Sodium
  • Succinimides
  • Crown Ethers