This study focuses on the stage of charge (SOC) estimation for vanadium redox flow batteries (VFBs), establishing an electrochemical model that provides parameters, including ion concentration. Second, considering the capacity decay of VFBs, an extreme learning machine (ELM) combined with an improved sand cat swarm optimization algorithm, named ISCSO-ELM, is integrated with SOC estimation to predict the battery's SOC more effectively.
© 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.