Recent reports have demonstrated that endothelial injury is critical in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc) and is associated with increased levels of circulating inflammatory biomarkers. This study aims to analyze the serum concentrations of selected cytokines and evaluate their relationship with SSc clinics and the long-term course of the disease. This study included 43 SSc patients and 24 matched healthy controls. In both groups, we measured serum levels of inflammatory cytokines related to the inflammatory response, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, interferon (IFN)γ, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17, and fibroblast activation protein (FAP). Additionally, in SSc patients, we evaluated the presence of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the promotor region of the TNFA gene, namely rs361525, rs1800629, rs1799964, and rs1799724, which might be related to increased TNFα concentrations. The main aim consisted of associating inflammatory cytokines with (1) clinical disease characteristics and (2) longitudinal observation of survival and cancer prevalence. SSc patients were characterized by a 17% increase in serum TNFα. There was no other difference in serum cytokines between the studied groups and diffuse vs. limited SSc patients. As expected, evaluated serum cytokines correlated with inflammatory biomarkers (e.g., IL-6 and C-reactive protein). Interestingly, patients with higher IL-17 had decreased left ventricle ejection fraction. During the median 5-year follow-up, we recorded four cases of neoplastic diseases (lung cancer in two cases, squamous cell carcinoma of unknown origin, and breast cancer with concomitant multiple myeloma) and nine deaths. The causes of death included lung cancer (n = 2), renal crisis (n = 1), multiple-organ failure (n = 1), and unknown reasons in five cases. Surprisingly, higher TNFα was associated with an increased cancer prevalence, while elevated IL-17 with death risk in the follow-up. Furthermore, the AG rs361525 genotype referred to higher TNFα levels than GG carriers. Both AG rs361525 and CT rs1799964 genotypes were associated with increased cancer risk. Higher serum concentrations of TNFα characterize the SSc patients, with the highest values associated with cancer. On the other hand, increased IL-17 in peripheral blood might predict poor SSc prognosis. Further research is needed to validate these findings.
Keywords: Biomarkers; Cancer; Cytokines; Interleukin 17; Systemic sclerosis; Tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
© 2023. The Author(s).