The construct validity of an abridged version of the general self-efficacy scale for adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Tatiana Skliarova; Henrik Pedersen; Hege Hafstad; Jonas Rennemo Vaag; Mariela Loreto Lara-Cabrera; Audun Havnen

doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1212961

The construct validity of an abridged version of the general self-efficacy scale for adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Front Psychiatry. 2023 Nov 6:14:1212961. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1212961. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Tatiana Skliarova¹, Henrik Pedersen^{1

2}, Hege Hafstad³, Jonas Rennemo Vaag⁴, Mariela Loreto Lara-Cabrera^{1

5}, Audun Havnen^{2

6}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
² Nidaros Community Mental Health Center, Division of Psychiatry, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
³ Vårres Regional User-Led Center Mid-Norway, Trondheim, Norway.
⁴ Department of Psychology, Inland University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway.
⁵ Nidelv Community Mental Health Center, Department of Mental Healthcare, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
⁶ Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.

Abstract

Objectives: The General Self-Efficacy (GSE) scale is a validated self-rated questionnaire increasingly used in mental health research. However, despite several psychometric advantages of the GSE scale, its validity in those diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has not yet been examined. Moreover, a shorter version of the GSE scale would contribute to a more rational use of resources in extensive multivariate studies. Therefore, as self-rated scales to measure self-efficacy in this population are lacking, the current study aims to develop a condensed version of the GSE for adults with ADHD.

Methods: A group of patient collaborators (user representatives) from an ADHD organization and health professionals shortened the original 10-item GSE scale to six items and evaluated the content validity of the revised scale. Second, 525 potential participants were invited to participate in a cross-sectional study conducted in 2021 (between January 19th and February 7th). Of them, 403 filled out the GSE-6 for ADHD and two scales measuring psychological well-being and mental health (the five-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index, WHO-5, and the four-item Patient Health Questionnaire, PHQ-4). The psychometric properties of the new scale were examined, testing a priori formulated hypotheses.

Results: The brief GSE-6 for ADHD displayed good internal consistency with a Cronbach's α of 0.907. No floor or ceiling effect was detected. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a one-factor structure. The GSE-6 also showed a moderate positive correlation with the WHO-5 (r_s = 0.578) and a moderate negative correlation with the depression and anxiety rating scale PHQ-4 (r_s = -0.595).

Conclusion: The 6-item GSE for ADHD was evaluated to have good content validity. The scale demonstrated good psychometric properties. The results indicate that the GSE-6 may help assess self-efficacy in adults with ADHD.

Keywords: adults; attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADHD); mental disorders; psychometrics; reliability; self-efficacy; validation.

Grants and funding

This work was supported by grants from the Central Norway Regional Health Authority (TS, project no. 90839300, and HP, project no. 983434100) and a Postdoctoral Program Grant (MLL-C, project no. 90327500). The sponsors had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, and interpretation of the results and report writing.