Electrochemical Detection of 4-Nitrophenol Using a Novel SrTiO3/Ag/rGO Composite

Arularasu M Visagamani; Moussab Harb; Kasinathan Kaviyarasu; Appusamy Muthukrishnaraj; Manikandan Ayyar; Khalid A Alzahrani; Raed H Althomali; Saja Abdulrahman Althobaiti

doi:10.1021/acsomega.3c05111

Electrochemical Detection of 4-Nitrophenol Using a Novel SrTiO₃/Ag/rGO Composite

ACS Omega. 2023 Nov 3;8(45):42479-42491. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05111. eCollection 2023 Nov 14.

Authors

Arularasu M Visagamani¹, Moussab Harb², Kasinathan Kaviyarasu^{3

4}, Appusamy Muthukrishnaraj⁵, Manikandan Ayyar^{6

7

8}, Khalid A Alzahrani⁹, Raed H Althomali¹⁰, Saja Abdulrahman Althobaiti¹¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Electronic Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan (R.O.C).
² QSARLab Ltd., Trzy Lipy 3, Gdańsk 80-172, Poland.
³ UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences/Nanotechnology Laboratories, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa (UNISA), Muckleneuk Ridge, Pretoria 0003, South Africa.
⁴ Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Group (MRG), iThemba LABORATORIES-National Research Foundation (NRF), 1 Old Faure Road, Somerset West, Western Cape Province 7129, South Africa.
⁵ Department of Science and Humanities (Chemistry), Faculty of Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 021, India.
⁶ Department of Chemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 021, India.
⁷ Centre for Material Chemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 021, India.
⁸ Department of Chemistry, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 073, India.
⁹ Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁰ Department of Chemistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, College of Arts and Science, Wadi Al-Dawasir 11991, Saudi Arabia.
¹¹ Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Wadi Addawasir 18510, Saudi Arabia.

Abstract

In this study, an eco-friendly strategy was used to prepare a novel SrTiO₃/Ag/rGO composite. A SrTiO₃/Ag/rGO composite-modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was applied for the electrochemical detection of 4-nitrophenol. A simple ultrasonic method with an ultrasonic frequency of 20 kHz was used for the synthesis of SrTiO₃/Ag/rGO composite material. The obtained SrTiO₃/Ag/rGO composite was characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, Raman spectroscopy, field emission electron microscopy, and UV-visible spectroscopy. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to determine the electrical conductivity of the SrTiO₃/Ag/rGO composite. The electrochemical properties of the modified electrode were studied using cyclic voltammetry as well as linear sweep voltammetry techniques. In comparison to SrTiO₃/SPCE, SrTiO₃/Ag/SPCE, and SrTiO₃/rGO/SPCE electrodes, SrTiO₃/Ag/rGO/SPCE demonstrates a considerable increase in 4-nitrophenol redox peak current. At optimum conditions, a large linear response range of 0.1-1000 M, with a relatively low limit of detection (0.03 M), outperforms the previously published modified electrode for 4-nitrophenol. Moreover, the SrTiO₃/Ag/rGO/SPCE electrode-based 4-nitrophenol sensor is distinguished by good selectivity, high stability, and repeatability. Furthermore, SrTiO₃/Ag/rGO/SPCE contributed to the detection of 4-nitrophenol in river water and drinking water with the recovery range from 97.5 to 98.7%. The experimental finding was supported by density functional theory calculation.