Background Perforation of the cervical pedicle screw, especially lateral perforation, may lead to critical complications, such as vertebral artery injury. Sub-axial cervical spines (C3-6) are at risk of complications because these levels have limited area and angle. This study aimed to compare a navigated drill and a navigated probe for the insertion of cervical pedicle screws at C3-6. Methodology This retrospective study included 106 patients treated with cervical pedicle screws at C3-6. In total, 52 patients with 200 cervical pedicle screws using a navigated drill (group D) and 54 patients with 170 cervical pedicle screws using a navigated probe (group P) were compared. The perforation rate, anatomical medial angle of the pedicle, and actual angle of the screw were investigated using computed tomography. The planning error was defined as when the pedicle screw was applied for a small pedicle width of <3.5 mm. All perforations except for planning errors were defined as technical perforations. Results Grade 1 screw perforations were identified in 16 and 17 screws in groups D and P, respectively. Overall, 88% of the perforations were medial in group D, and 82% of perforations were lateral in group P. Technical perforations were found in 7/191 (3.7%, group D) and 15/168 (8.9%, group P) screws. There were no significant differences in the anatomical angle of the pedicle between the groups. The mean medial angle of the pedicle screws was 24.7° (group D) and 30.9° (group P) (p < 0.05). Conclusions The perforation rate of group D was less than half of that of group P. This was because a navigated drill was able to create a bony pilot hole at the hard medial cortical wall of the pedicle with a small medial angle, which was difficult to do with a navigated probe. A navigated drill can be useful for cervical pedicle screw insertion at C3-6 because of its easiness and safety.
Keywords: cervical pedicle screw; navigated drill; navigated probe; perforation rate; vertebral artery injury.
Copyright © 2023, Takigawa et al.