Investigation of Vitamin D Status, Age, and Body Mass Index as Determinants of Knee Osteoarthritis Severity Using the Kellgren-Lawrence Grading System in a Saudi Arabian Cohort: A Cross-Sectional Study

Meaad Elbashir; Nasser Shubayr; Azhar Alghathami; Sara Ali; Ali Alyami; Neda Alumairi; Ali Abdelrazig; Awatif M Omer; Ohood Elbasheer

doi:10.7759/cureus.47523

Investigation of Vitamin D Status, Age, and Body Mass Index as Determinants of Knee Osteoarthritis Severity Using the Kellgren-Lawrence Grading System in a Saudi Arabian Cohort: A Cross-Sectional Study

Cureus. 2023 Oct 23;15(10):e47523. doi: 10.7759/cureus.47523. eCollection 2023 Oct.

Authors

Meaad Elbashir¹, Nasser Shubayr¹, Azhar Alghathami², Sara Ali¹, Ali Alyami¹, Neda Alumairi¹, Ali Abdelrazig¹, Awatif M Omer³, Ohood Elbasheer⁴

Affiliations

¹ Department of Diagnostic Radiography Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU.
² Department of Radiology, King Abdul Aziz Specialist Hospital, Taif, SAU.
³ Department of Diagnostic Radiology Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Almadinah, SAU.
⁴ Department of Radiology, Olaya Polyclinic Complex, Riyadh, SAU.

Abstract

Background Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a common and disabling condition affecting millions worldwide. This cross-sectional study endeavors to investigate the relationship between vitamin D status, age, body mass index (BMI), and knee OA in a cohort of individuals in Saudi Arabia. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we assessed vitamin D serum levels, conducted knee radiographs, and evaluated the severity of knee OA using the Kellgren-Lawrence grading system (KLGS). The analysis incorporated both descriptive and inferential statistics, including chi-square tests and a regression model to investigate the relationship between KLGS grades as indicators of knee OA severity and vitamin D levels, considering demographics as covariants. Results The study included 93 participants with suspected knee OA, of which a substantial portion of the sample population presented with knee OA (58 [62.4%]). Knee OA exhibited a higher prevalence among females, comprising 47 (50.54%) of the total, while 11 (11.83%) were male. The largest age group with knee OA was those older than 58 years, 27 (29.03%), followed by the age group of 48-58 years, 19 (20.43%). Obesity was a prevalent factor among knee OA patients (36 [38.7%]), with grade 2 (17 [18.3%]) and grade 3 (24 [25.8%]) being the most frequent. Vitamin D deficiency was prevalent in 54 (58%) of patients. Among knee OA cases, bilateral involvement was predominant in 46 (79%), with a substantial portion, 36 (62%), presenting deficient vitamin D levels. The regression model revealed that age (95% CI: 0.54-1.03, p < 0.001) and BMI (95% CI: 0.01-0.60, p = 0.04) significantly predict higher KLGS grades, indicating that increasing age and higher BMI are associated with higher KLGS grades. However, Vitamin D levels did not show a significant impact on the severity of knee OA. Conclusions The findings from this study highlight the importance of monitoring and maintaining adequate vitamin D levels to potentially reduce the risk of knee OA and the need for early detection and intervention to manage knee OA, particularly in females, older poplulation, and obese adults. They may guide healthcare providers in developing comprehensive approaches to reduce the risk of this condition.

Keywords: kellgren-lawrence grading system; klgs; knee osteoarthritis; overweight; vitamin d; x-ray radiography.