Preventive Saline Irrigation of the Bile Duct to Reduce the Rate of Residual Common Bile Duct Stones Without Intraductal Ultrasonography: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Usman A Akbar; Mounica Vorla; Ahmed Jamal Chaudhary; Maurish Fatima; Fnu Vikash; Sobaan Taj; Shaheryar Qazi; Zubair Khan

doi:10.7759/cureus.46720

Preventive Saline Irrigation of the Bile Duct to Reduce the Rate of Residual Common Bile Duct Stones Without Intraductal Ultrasonography: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Cureus. 2023 Oct 9;15(10):e46720. doi: 10.7759/cureus.46720. eCollection 2023 Oct.

Authors

Usman A Akbar¹, Mounica Vorla², Ahmed Jamal Chaudhary³, Maurish Fatima⁴, Fnu Vikash^{5

6}, Sobaan Taj⁷, Shaheryar Qazi⁸, Zubair Khan⁹

Affiliations

¹ Internal Medicine, Camden Clark Medical Center, West Virginia University, Parkersburg, USA.
² Internal Medicine, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, USA.
³ Internal Medicine, DMC Sinai Grace Hospital, Detroit, USA.
⁴ Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, PAK.
⁵ Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, USA.
⁶ Internal Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, USA.
⁷ Internal Medicine, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, USA.
⁸ Internal Medicine, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, PAK.
⁹ Gastroenterology, University of Texas at Houston, Houston, USA.

Abstract

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) has been proven efficacious in the removal of CBD stones. Even after endoscopic stone removal, recurring cholangitis due to a residual common bile duct (CBD) stone is prevalent in clinical practice with a residual recurrence rate of 4-24% after successful stone retrieval. This comprehensive study and meta-analysis aimed to determine if preventive saline irrigation of the bile duct (PSIB) reduces the amount of residual CBD stones. Through a comprehensive search of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science until November 20, 2022, we identified 164 articles comparing the efficacy of PSIB and non-PSIB post-endoscopic CBD stone removal. After stringent selection, three studies were included for meta-analysis using ReviewManager (ReVman version 5.4.1; Cochrane, London, UK). Using a random effect (RE) model, we derived a pooled odds ratio (OR) with confidence interval (CI) (95%CI). A total of three studies have been included in the analysis. Out of which, two are randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and one is a non-randomized study. Out of 323 patients, 157 underwent PSIB after an endoscopic stone removal of CBD stones to reduce the residual of CBD stones, whereas 166 did not undergo saline irrigation (non-PSIB). In our analysis, PSIB significantly reduced the risk of residual stones (OR: 0.22, 95%CI: 0.11-0.45). However, there was no notable link between PSIB and post-irrigation cholangitis (OR: 1.08, 95%CI: 0.21-2.21). Although not statistically significant, PSIB showed a trend toward lowered risks of post-procedural pancreatitis (OR: 0.65), bleeding (OR: 0.68), and other complications (OR: 0.64). PSIB effectively reduces residual CBD stones after endoscopy, offering a cost-effective alternative to invasive procedures such as intraductal ultrasound (IDUS). However, larger RCTs are needed to validate its definitive role.

Keywords: dilated common bile duct; isotonic saline; recurrent cholangitis; saline flush-out; ultrasonography (usg).

Publication types

Review