Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with insidious onset, posing a serious threat to human physical and mental health. The cognitive impairments caused by AD are generally diffuse and overlap symptomatically with other neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, the symptoms of AD are often covert, leading to missed opportunities for optimal treatment after diagnosis. Therefore, early diagnosis of AD is crucial. In vitro diagnostic biomarkers not only contribute to the early clinical diagnosis of AD but also aid in further understanding the disease's pathogenesis, predicting disease progression, and observing the effects of novel candidate therapeutic drugs in clinical trials. Currently, although there are numerous biomarkers associated with AD diagnosis, the complex nature of AD pathogenesis, limitations of individual biomarkers, and constraints of clinical detection methods have hindered the development of efficient, cost-effective, and convenient diagnostic methods and standards. This article provides an overview of the research progress on in vitro diagnostic biomarkers and detection methods related to AD in recent years.
阿尔茨海默病（AD）是一种起病隐匿的神经退行性疾病，严重威胁人类的身心健康。由于AD引起的认知功能障碍一般是弥漫性的，并与其他神经退行性疾病有症状上的重叠，且患者发病症状较为隐匿，往往在确诊后已经错过了最佳治疗时期，因此，早期诊断AD极其重要。体外诊断标志物不仅可用于AD的早期临床诊断，也有助于进一步了解疾病的发病机制、预测疾病的进展以及在临床试验中观察新型候选治疗药物的效果。目前，虽然有许多与AD诊断相关的生物标志物，但由于AD发病机制的复杂性、不同生物标志物自身的局限性及临床检测方法的限制性，尚没有形成高效、经济、方便的诊断方法及标准，本文对近年来AD相关的体外诊断标志物及其检测方法的研究进展进行阐述。.