Routine childhood immunization in Sub-Saharan Africa: addressing parental vaccine hesitancy

N Fadl; S A Abdelmoneim; A Gebreal; N Youssef; R M Ghazy

doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2023.10.049

Routine childhood immunization in Sub-Saharan Africa: addressing parental vaccine hesitancy

Public Health. 2024 Jan:226:66-73. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.10.049. Epub 2023 Nov 25.

Authors

N Fadl¹, S A Abdelmoneim², A Gebreal³, N Youssef⁴, R M Ghazy⁵

Affiliations

¹ Family Health Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. Electronic address: nohaosama@alexu.edu.eg.
² Clinical Research Administration, Directorate of Health Affairs, Egyptian Ministry of Health, Alexandria, Egypt. Electronic address: shaimaa.abedelaziz@gmail.com.
³ Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. Electronic address: assem.Ahmed1801@alexmed.edu.eg.
⁴ Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, College of Nursing, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: Nfyoussef@pnu.edu.sa.
⁵ Tropical Health Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. Electronic address: ramy_ghazy@alexu.edu.eg.

PMID: 38007843
DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.10.049

Abstract

Objectives: Parental vaccine hesitancy (VH) is a major barrier to childhood vaccination. We aimed to identify the determinants of parental VH towards routine childhood immunization in 12 Sub-Saharan African countries.

Study design: A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 1 to December 15, 2022.

Methods: Parents of children aged 19 months to 6 years and residing in the Sub-Saharan Africa were included. An anonymous online survey and face-to-face interviews were conducted. The Parent Attitude about Childhood Vaccine Scale was used to identify vaccine-hesitant parents. Multivariate regression and mediating analysis were performed.

Results: Across the 5032 participants, 21.2% were hesitant towards routine childhood immunization. Urban residents (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.32, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10-1.58), non-first-born children (AOR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.19-1.98), and chronically ill children (AOR = 2.00, 95% CI: 1.69-2.37) increased the likelihood of parental VH. Mothers with higher education, attending at least one antenatal care (ANC) visit (AOR = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.19-0.32), and had a healthcare facility-based delivery (AOR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.44-0.70) decreased the odds of parental VH. Parental VH mediated the effect of ANC and mothers' age on vaccination uptake. ANC increased the odds of vaccination uptake (odds ratio [OR] = 12.49, 95% CI: 9.68-16.13). Parental VH mediated the association between ANC and vaccination uptake, decreasing the likelihood of vaccination uptake (OR = 0.12, 95% CI: 0.10-0.14). Each additional year of the mother's age decreased the odds of vaccination uptake (OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.95-0.96). The indirect effect of mother's age on vaccination through parental VH decreased the odds of vaccination uptake (OR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.44-0.45). Parental VH continued to be a mediator of the combined effect of mother's age and ANC on vaccination uptake, decreasing the likelihood of vaccination uptake (OR = 0.0017, 95% CI: 0.00166-0.00168).

Conclusions: Context-specific interventions are needed to address parental VH and improve vaccine acceptance and coverage.

Keywords: Basic vaccines; Compulsory vaccines; Parental attitude; Routine immunization; Sub-Saharan Africa; Vaccine hesitancy.

MeSH terms

Africa South of the Sahara
Child
Cross-Sectional Studies
Female
Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
Humans
Parents
Pregnancy
Vaccination
Vaccination Hesitancy*
Vaccines*

Substances

Vaccines