Improved detection of aberrant splicing with FRASER 2.0 and the intron Jaccard index

Abstract

Detection of aberrantly spliced genes is an important step in RNA-seq-based rare-disease diagnostics. We recently developed FRASER, a denoising autoencoder-based method that outperformed alternative methods of detecting aberrant splicing. However, because FRASER's three splice metrics are partially redundant and tend to be sensitive to sequencing depth, we introduce here a more robust intron-excision metric, the intron Jaccard index, that combines the alternative donor, alternative acceptor, and intron-retention signal into a single value. Moreover, we optimized model parameters and filter cutoffs by using candidate rare-splice-disrupting variants as independent evidence. On 16,213 GTEx samples, our improved algorithm, FRASER 2.0, called typically 10 times fewer splicing outliers while increasing the proportion of candidate rare-splice-disrupting variants by 10-fold and substantially decreasing the effect of sequencing depth on the number of reported outliers. To lower the multiple-testing correction burden, we introduce an option to select the genes to be tested for each sample instead of a transcriptome-wide approach. This option can be particularly useful when prior information, such as candidate variants or genes, is available. Application on 303 rare-disease samples confirmed the relative reduction in the number of outlier calls for a slight loss of sensitivity; FRASER 2.0 recovered 22 out of 26 previously identified pathogenic splicing cases with default cutoffs and 24 when multiple-testing correction was limited to OMIM genes containing rare variants. Altogether, these methodological improvements contribute to more effective RNA-seq-based rare diagnostics by drastically reducing the amount of splicing outlier calls per sample at minimal loss of sensitivity.

Keywords: Aberrant splicing; RNA-seq; outlier detection; rare disease; rare disease diagnostics; rare variant.