Determination of Reaction Kinetics by Time-Resolved Small-Angle X-ray Scattering during Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly: Direct Evidence for Monomer-Swollen Nanoparticles

Guoxing Liao; Matthew J Derry; Andrew J Smith; Steven P Armes; Oleksandr O Mykhaylyk

doi:10.1002/anie.202312119

Determination of Reaction Kinetics by Time-Resolved Small-Angle X-ray Scattering during Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly: Direct Evidence for Monomer-Swollen Nanoparticles

Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2024 Jan 8;63(2):e202312119. doi: 10.1002/anie.202312119. Epub 2023 Dec 6.

Authors

Guoxing Liao^{1

2}, Matthew J Derry^{1

3}, Andrew J Smith⁴, Steven P Armes¹, Oleksandr O Mykhaylyk¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
² South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
³ Aston Advanced Materials Research Centre, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
⁴ Beamline I22, Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK.

Abstract

The kinetics of heterogeneous polymerization is determined directly using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). This important advancement is exemplified for the synthesis of sterically-stabilized diblock copolymer nanoparticles by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) dispersion polymerization of benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) in mineral oil at 90 °C. The principle of mass balance is invoked to derive a series of equations for the analysis of the resulting time-resolved SAXS patterns. Importantly, there is a continuous change in the X-ray scattering length density for the various components within the reaction mixture. This enables the volume fraction of unreacted BzMA monomer to be calculated at any given time point, which enables the polymerization kinetics to be monitored in situ directly without relying on supplementary characterization techniques. Moreover, SAXS enables the local concentration of both monomer and solvent within the growing swollen nanoparticles to be determined during the polymerization. Data analysis reveals that the instantaneous rate of BzMA polymerization is proportional to the local monomer concentration within the nanoparticles. In principle, this powerful new time-resolved SAXS approach can be applicable to other heterogeneous polymerization formulations.

Keywords: Block Copolymer Nanoparticles; Polymerization Kinetics; Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly; RAFT Dispersion Polymerization; Time-Resolved Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering.

Abstract

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