Spatial and temporal patterns of organophosphate Esters flame retardants and plasticizers in airborne particles over the Mediterranean sea

Kalliopi Violaki; Javier Castro-Jiménez; Athanasios Nenes; Richard Sempere; Christos Panagiotopoulos

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140746

Spatial and temporal patterns of organophosphate Esters flame retardants and plasticizers in airborne particles over the Mediterranean sea

Chemosphere. 2024 Jan:348:140746. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140746. Epub 2023 Nov 18.

Authors

Kalliopi Violaki¹, Javier Castro-Jiménez², Athanasios Nenes³, Richard Sempere⁴, Christos Panagiotopoulos⁵

Affiliations

¹ Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and Their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil & Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland; Aix-Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France. Electronic address: kviolaki@gmail.com.
² IFREMER, Chemical Contamination of Marine Ecosystems (CCEM), Rue de L'Ile D'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes, Cedex 3, France.
³ Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and Their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil & Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland; Center for the Study of Air Quality and Climate Change, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, GR-26504, Patras, Greece.
⁴ Aix-Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France.
⁵ Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and Their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil & Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland; Aix-Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France.

PMID: 37984647
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140746

Abstract

We studied the co-occurrence of OPEs and other constituents in atmospheric particles at the two edges of the Mediterranean Sea, under the influence of the transport of polluted air from Europe and dust from the Sahara. The highest OPE concentrations were observed during the summer period in the East Mediterranean and in spring for the NW Mediterranean. The total average atmospheric concentration of Σ₆OPEs in the NW Mediterranean was 2103 ± 2020 pg m^-3 (n = 23) with EHDPP and TCPP to be the predominant OPEs, accounting on average for 46% and 37% of the total Ʃ₆OPEs concentrations, respectively. The average concentration of Σ₆OPEs in East Mediterranean was 156.4 ± 170.3 pg m^-3 (n = 67) with TCPP showing the highest concentration (116.1 ± 92.8 pg m^-3), followed by TCEP (67.5 ± 55.8 pg m^-3). In both areas, OPEs were mostly associated with fossil fuel combustion and road traffic, while the air masses from Saharan desert influenced the concentration of EHDPP, TCEP in NW Mediterranean and the TCEP concentration levels in the East Mediterranean. The total annual deposition of reported OPEs to the Mediterranean basin was estimated to be 584 tonnes, accounting for about 8.5% of the total deposited anthropogenic phosphorus.

Keywords: Anthropogenic phosphorus; Atmosphere; Dry deposition; Plastic additives.

MeSH terms

China
Environmental Monitoring
Esters / analysis
Flame Retardants* / analysis
Mediterranean Sea
Organophosphates / analysis
Plasticizers / analysis

Substances

Flame Retardants
Plasticizers
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine
Organophosphates
Esters