The oil of Torreya grandis (TGO), a common nut in China, is considered to be a bioactive edible oil and has a great value in functional food development. In this study, the neuroprotective effects of TGO were investigated on a scopolamine (SCOP)-induced C57BL/6J mouse model. The mice were pretreated with TGO for 30 days (1000 mg per kg per day and 3000 mg per kg per day, i.g.). Behavioral tests showed that the supplementation of TGO could prevent the cognitive deficits induced by SCOP. TGO rebalanced the disorder of the cholinergic system by upgrading the level of acetylcholine. TGO also alleviated the over-activation of microglia and inhibited neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Additionally, TGO could regulate the composition of gut microbiota, increase the production of short-chain fatty acids, and decrease the content of lipopolysaccharides in the serum. In conclusion, TGO has the potential to prevent loss of memory and impairment of cognition, which may be related to its regulation of the gut microbiota-metabolite-brain axis.