Longitudinal study of disease severity and external factors in cognitive failure after COVID-19 among Indonesian population

Bumi Herman; Martin Chi Sang Wong; Prawat Chantharit; Firdaus Fabrice Hannanu; Pramon Viwattanakulvanid

doi:10.1038/s41598-023-46334-2

Longitudinal study of disease severity and external factors in cognitive failure after COVID-19 among Indonesian population

Sci Rep. 2023 Nov 8;13(1):19405. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-46334-2.

Authors

Bumi Herman^{1

2}, Martin Chi Sang Wong^{3

4

5

6

7}, Prawat Chantharit⁸, Firdaus Fabrice Hannanu^{2

9}, Pramon Viwattanakulvanid¹⁰

Affiliations

¹ College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
² Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.
³ The Faculty of Medicine, JC School of Public Health, The Chinese University of Hongkong, Hong Kong, China.
⁴ The Faculty of Medicine, The Centre for Health Education and Health Promotion, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
⁵ School of Public Health, The Peking University, Beijing, China.
⁶ School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
⁷ School of Public Health, The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical Colleges, Beijing, China.
⁸ Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
⁹ Department of Radiology, Brainstem Imaging Laboratory, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
¹⁰ College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. pramon.v@chula.ac.th.

Abstract

The COVID-19 infection is assumed to induce cognitive failure. Identifying the relationship between COVID-19, the effect of vaccination and medication, and accommodating non-COVID-19 factors to cognitive failure is essential. This study was conducted in Indonesia from September 2021 to January 2023. Demographic information, clinical data, comorbidities, vaccination, and medication during COVID-19 were obtained, as well as a 6-month cognitive assessment with Cognitive Failures Questionnaire/CFQ, Fatigue Severity Score, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7). A Structural Equation Model explains the relationship between potential predictors and cognitive failure. The average score of CFQ after 6 months was 45.6 ± 23.1 out of 100. The severity of the disease, which was associated with vaccination status, age, previous infection, and unit of treatment (p < 0.05), was not related to cognitive failure (p = 0.519), although there is a significant direct impact of worst vaccination status to cognitive failure(p < 0.001). However, age, fatigue, and current anxiety were associated with higher cognitive failure (p < 0.001), although comorbidities and recent headaches were not significant in other models (p > 0.05). This study concludes that cognitive failure after COVID-19 is a multifactorial event and does not solely depend on COVID-19 severity. It is crucial to re-address the factors related to the long-term efficacy of vaccination and medication and focus on non-health factors affecting cognitive failure.Trial Registration: NCT05060562.

Publication types

Clinical Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

COVID-19* / complications
COVID-19* / epidemiology
Cognition
Fatigue / epidemiology
Fatigue / etiology
Humans
Indonesia / epidemiology
Longitudinal Studies
Patient Acuity

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT05060562