Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has high incidence rate among children which may be due to excessive monosodium glutamate (MSG) consumption and social isolation (SI).
Aim: We aimed to explore the relationships between MSG, SI, and ADHD development and to evaluate the neuroprotective potential of Punicalagin (PUN).
Methods: Eighty male rat pups randomly distributed into eight groups. Group I is the control, and Group II is socially engaged rats treated with PUN. Groups III to VII were exposed to ADHD-inducing factors: Group III to SI, Group IV to MSG, and Group V to both SI and MSG. Furthermore, Groups VI to VIII were the same Groups III to V but additionally received PUN treatment.
Key findings: Exposure to MSG and/or SI led to pronounced behavioral anomalies, histological changes and indicative of ADHD-like symptoms in rat pups which is accompanied by inhibition of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/Heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1)/Glutathione (GSH) pathway, decline of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and activation of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB)/NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 (NLRP3) pathway. This resulted in elevated inflammatory biomarker levels, neuronal apoptosis, and disrupted neurotransmitter equilibrium. Meanwhile, pretreatment with PUN protected against all the previous alterations.
Significance: We established compelling associations between MSG consumption, SI, and ADHD progression. Moreover, we proved that PUN is a promising neuroprotective agent against all risk factors of ADHD.
Keywords: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; Neuroprotective; Oxidative injury; Punicalagin; Social isolation.
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