Description of Phenotypic Heterogeneity in a GJC2-Related Family and Literature Review

Abstract

Introduction: Homozygous and compound heterozygous variants in GJC2, the gene encoding connexin-47 protein, cause Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like disease type 1 or hypomyelinating leukodystrophy 2 (HLD2), a severe infantile-onset hypomyelinating leukodystrophy, and rarely some milder phenotypes like hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) type 44 (SPG44) and subclinical leukodystrophy. Herein, we report an Iranian GJC2-related family with intrafamilial phenotypic heterogeneity and review the literatures.

Methods: Whole-exome sequencing was performed for an Iranian proband, who was initially diagnosed as HSP case. Data were analyzed and the candidate variant was confirmed by PCR and Sanger sequencing subsequently checked in family members to co-segregation analysis. A careful clinical and paraclinical evaluation of all affected individuals of the family was done and compared with previous reported GJC2-related families.

Results: A novel homozygous variant, c.G14T:p.Ser5Ile, in the GJC2 gene was identified. The variant was co-segregated with the disease status in the family members. Clinical evaluation of all patients showed two distinct GJC2-related phenotypes in this family; the proband presented a complicated form of HSP, whereas both his affected sisters presented a HLD2 phenotype.

Discussion: Up to now, correlation between HSP and GJC2 variants has been reported once. Here, the second case of SPG44 was identified that emphasizes on GJC2 as a HSP-causing gene. So, the screening of GJC2 in patients with HSP or HSP-like phenotypes especially with hypomyelination in their brain MRI is recommended. Also, for the first time, intrafamilial phenotypic heterogeneity for "two distinct GJC2-related phenotypes: HLD2 and HSP" was reported. Such intrafamilial phenotypic heterogeneity for GJC2 can emphasize on the shared pathophysiology of these disorders.

Keywords: GJC2 gene; Hereditary spastic paraplegia; Hypomyelinating leukodystrophy 2; Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like disease-1; Phenotypic heterogeneity; SPG44.