Mycotoxins are a class of toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi. These substances are carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic, and cause serious harm to the human body; thus, they have attracted wide attention worldwide. Establishing accurate, rapid, and sensitive methods for the detection of mycotoxins is of great significance. Chromatography is a commonly used technology for mycotoxin detection. However, it is challenging to use in the direct analysis of these metabolites because of the wide variety and distribution of mycotoxins, their complex sample matrix, and their very low content in actual samples. Therefore, the development of suitable sample pretreatment methods for the efficient separation and enrichment of mycotoxins is necessary. In recent years, porous organic framework materials, which are represented by metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent-organic frameworks (COFs), have been widely applied in the sample pretreatment of mycotoxins owing to their many advantages, which include a large specific surface area, high porosity, adjustable pore size, diverse frame structures, uniform active site distribution, and modifiable structures. In addition, MOF/COF materials feature excellent fluorescence and electrochemical properties, rendering them highly suitable for mycotoxin analysis and sensing. In this article, the recent applications of MOF/COF materials in conventional sample pretreatment methods (e. g., solid-phase extraction, dispersive solid-phase extraction, magnetic solid-phase extraction, and immunomagnetic bead separation) for mycotoxin separation and enrichment are reviewed. Research on the use of MOF/COF materials for the fluorescence and electrochemical sensing of mycotoxins is also summarized. Finally, the existing challenges and future development trends of these materials are discussed and prospected to provide a reference for future research on the applications of MOF/COF materials in mycotoxin detection and analysis.
真菌毒素是真菌产生的一类有毒的次级代谢产物,对人体具有致癌、致畸、致突变等严重危害,已引起世界范围的广泛关注。因此,建立准确、快速、灵敏的真菌毒素检测方法具有非常重要的意义。色谱法是常用的检测真菌毒素的方法,但由于真菌毒素种类繁多,分布范围广泛,样品基质复杂,且各类真菌毒素在实际样品中含量极低,难以对其进行直接分析。因此,发展适宜的样品前处理方法,并用于真菌毒素的高效分离富集是必不可少的步骤。近年来,以金属有机框架(MOF)、共价有机框架(COF)为代表的多孔有机框架材料因具有大的比表面积、高的孔隙率、可调的孔径、多样的框架结构、活性位点分布均匀、结构可修饰等优点被广泛应用于真菌毒素的样品前处理领域。同时,这些优点赋予MOF/COF材料以优异的荧光性质、电化学性质,使其在真菌毒素的分析传感等领域也得到了广泛关注。本文针对近年来MOF/COF材料在真菌毒素分离富集中常用的样品前处理方法(固相萃取、分散固相萃取、磁固相萃取、免疫磁珠分离)中的应用进行了综述。同时,针对MOF/COF材料在真菌毒素荧光传感、电化学传感中的研究进行了总结。最后,对存在的问题及未来的发展趋势进行了讨论与展望,为进一步探索MOF/COF材料在真菌毒素中的应用提供参考。
Keywords: covalent-organic framework (COF); detection; enrichment; metal-organic framework (MOF); mycotoxins.