Objectives: To identify clinical and local radiographic predictors for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (MRONJ) by the assessment of pre-operative CBCT images of oncologic patients treated with anti-resorptive drugs (ARDs) undergoing tooth extractions.
Methods: This retrospective, longitudinal, case-control study included clinical and imaging data of 97 patients, divided into study and control group. Patients in the study group (n = 47; 87 tooth extractions) had received at least one dose of ARD, undergone tooth extraction(s), and had a pre-operative CBCT. An age-, gender-, and tooth extraction-matched control group (n = 50; 106 tooth extractions) was selected. Three calibrated, blinded, and independent examiners evaluated each tooth extraction site. Statistical analysis used χ2/Fisher's exact/Mann-Whitney U test to contrast control and study group, ARD type used, and sites with or without MRONJ development. p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant.
Results: From the study group, 15 patients (32%) and 33 sites (38%) developed MRONJ after tooth extraction. When controls were compared to study sites, the latter showed significantly more thickening of the lamina dura, widened periodontal ligament space, osteosclerosis, osteolysis, and sequestrum formation. In the study group, MRONJ risk significantly increased in patients who had multiple tooth extractions, were smokers, and had shorter drug holidays. Periosteal reaction and sequestrum formation may indicate latent MRONJ lesions. Additionally, patients given bisphosphonates showed considerably more osteosclerosis than those given denosumab.
Conclusions: Periosteal reaction and sequestrum formation are suspected to be pre-clinical MRONJ lesions. Furthermore, ARD induced bony changes and radiographic variations between ARD types were seen.
Keywords: Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Denosumab; Diphosphonates; Osteonecrosis; Tooth Extraction.