1 Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
2 Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
3 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School and Biomedical Research in End-Stage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany.
4 Meta Platforms, Inc, Cambridge, USA.
5 Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA. zuoheng.wang@yale.edu.
6 Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA. xiting.yan@yale.edu.
7 Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA. xiting.yan@yale.edu.