1 Department of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
2 Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
3 Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
4 Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, and Division of General Internal Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.