Efficacy and safety of in-hospital treatment of Covid-19 infection with low-dose hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in hospitalized patients: A retrospective controlled cohort study

Gert Meeus; Frauke Van Coile; Hans Pottel; Ann-Sophie Michel; Ortwin Vergauwen; Katy Verhelle; Stoffel Lamote; Mathias Leys; Michaël Boudewijns; Pieter Samaey

doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2023.101172

Efficacy and safety of in-hospital treatment of Covid-19 infection with low-dose hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in hospitalized patients: A retrospective controlled cohort study

New Microbes New Infect. 2023 Sep 30:55:101172. doi: 10.1016/j.nmni.2023.101172. eCollection 2023 Oct.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Nephrology, AZ Groeninge Hospital, Kortrijk, Belgium.
² Department of Clinical Pharmacy, AZ Groeninge Hospital, Kortrijk, Belgium.
³ Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven Campus KULAK Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium.
⁴ Department of Radiology, AZ Groeninge Hospital, Kortrijk, Belgium.
⁵ Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, AZ Groeninge Hospital, Kortrijk, Belgium.
⁶ Department of Pneumology, AZ Groeninge Hospital, Kortrijk, Belgium.
⁷ Department of Microbiology, AZ Groeninge Hospital, Kortrijk, Belgium.
⁸ Department of Infectious Diseases, AZ Groeninge Hospital, Kortrijk, Belgium.

Abstract

Objectives: In this study we evaluate the efficacy and safety of a treatment protocol with standard dose of hydroxychloroquine plus azithromycin in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 infection.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis to compare the 28-day mortality rate in 352 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin (HCQ-group) in our hospital with a contemporary control group of 3533 patients receiving standard of care from the Belgian Collaborative Group on COVID-19 Hospital Surveillance.

Results: All patients who received at least one dose of treatment were included in the analysis. A statistically significant reduction in crude mortality rate at 28 days was observed in the HCQ-group compared to standard of care (16.8% vs 25.9%,p = 0.001).Patients in the treatment group were on average younger (69,7 vs73,1 years, p = 0,0002), were less likely to smoke or to have malignancy and more likely to be male. Patients in the treatment group were more likely to be obese, immunocompromised or to have arterial hypertension, liver disease and lung disease.After adjustment for these variables the OR for mortality was 0.635 (95%CI 0.464-0.875). Patients who did not receive HCQ had a 57% higher risk of mortality. A survival benefit in the treatment group was consistent across all age groups. 13 patients discontinued treatment due to side effects (4 with QTc-prolongation>60msec (1.1%) and 9 because of gastro-intestinal symptoms (2.55%)). No episodes of ventricular arrhythmia or torsade de pointes were recorded during treatment.

Conclusion: Treatment of COVID-19 using a combination of hydroxychloroquine plus azithromycin was safe and was associated with a statistically significant mortality benefit in the treatment of COVID-19 infection in hospitalized patients. Our findings do not support the current negative recommendations regarding this treatment.

Keywords: Azithromycin; COVID-19; Hydroxychloroquine; SARS-CoV-2; Treatment.