Rapid Pathogen Purge by Photosensitive Arginine-Riboflavin Carbon Dots without Toxicity

Selin S Suner; Venkat R Bhethanabotla; Ramesh S Ayyala; Nurettin Sahiner

doi:10.3390/ma16196512

Rapid Pathogen Purge by Photosensitive Arginine-Riboflavin Carbon Dots without Toxicity

Materials (Basel). 2023 Sep 30;16(19):6512. doi: 10.3390/ma16196512.

Authors

Selin S Suner¹, Venkat R Bhethanabotla², Ramesh S Ayyala³, Nurettin Sahiner^{1

2

3}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences & Arts, and Nanoscience and Technology Research and Application Center (NANORAC), Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Terzioglu Campus, Canakkale 17100, Turkey.
² Department of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
³ Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Eye Institute,12901 Bruce B Down Blvd, MDC 21, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.

Abstract

Photo-activatable antipathogenic carbon dots (CDs) were prepared by carbonization of citric acid and arginine (Arg) via 3 min microwave treatment for use in the eradication of common microorganisms. Nitrogen-doped Arg CDs were spherical in shape with a size range of 0.5 to 5 nm. The Arg CDs were modified with fluorescent dyes, such as fluorescein sodium salt (FSS, as Arg-FSS) and riboflavin (RBF, as Arg-RBF), to improve antimicrobial potency by enhancing their application in photodynamic therapy. The modified Arg CDs afforded fluorescence emission properties at 520 nm in the green region in addition to excellent blue fluorescence intensity at 420 nm under 345 nm excitation upon their FSS and RBF conjugation, respectively. Although the cytotoxicity of Arg CDs was decreased for Arg-RBF CDs to 91.2 ± 0.7% cell viability for fibroblasts, the Arg-based CDs could be safely used for intravenous applications at 1000 μg/mL concentration. The Arg CDs showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against common pathogens and the minimum inhibitory concentration of Arg CDs was almost two-fold decreased for the modified forms without UV light. However, faster and more effective antibacterial activity was determined for photosensitive Arg-RBF CDs, with total bacterial eradication upon UV-A light exposure for 30 min.

Keywords: antimicrobial; arginine amino acid-derived CQ dots; biocompatible CQ dots; dual-fluorescence carbon dots (CQ dots); fluorescein sodium salt/riboflavin dye; photodynamic therapy.

Grants and funding

This work was financially supported by the Scientific Research Commission of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University (FIA-2022-3667). Also, partial funding from the Ophthalmology Department, Morsani College of Medicine, USF (N. Sahiner), is greatly appreciated.