A remarkable feature of the brain is its sexual dimorphism. Sexual dimorphism in brain structure and function is associated with clinical implications documented previously in healthy individuals but also in those who suffer from various brain disorders. Sex-based differences concerning some features such as the risk, prevalence, age of onset, and symptomatology have been confirmed in a range of neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. The mechanisms responsible for the establishment of sex-based differences between men and women are not fully understood. The present paper provides up-to-date data on sex-related dissimilarities observed in brain disorders and highlights the most relevant features that differ between males and females. The topic is very important as the recognition of disparities between the sexes might allow for the identification of therapeutic targets and pharmacological approaches for intractable neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders.
Keywords: Down syndrome (DS); Rett syndrome (RTT); autism spectrum disorder (ASD); bipolar disorder (BD); epilepsy; fragile X syndrome (FXS); major depressive disorder (MDD); neuropsychiatric disorders; post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); schizophrenia (SZ); sexual dimorphism.