Different volatile organic compounds in local point source air pollution pose distinctive elevated risks for respiratory disease-associated emergency room visits

Abstract

Air pollution increases risk of respiratory disease but prior research has focused on particulate matter and criteria air pollutants, and there are few studies on respiratory effects of volatile organic compounds (VOC). We examined zip code level relationships between emergency room (ER) visits for respiratory illness and VOC pollution in New York State from 2010 to 2018. Detailed information on VOC pollution was derived from the National Emissions Inventory, which provides point source information on VOC emissions at the zip code level. We considered four respiratory diseases: asthma, acute upper respiratory infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lower respiratory disease, using mixed effects regression with a random intercept to account for county level variability in single pollutant models, and Random Forest Regression (RFR) to assess relative importance of VOC exposures when considered together in multipollutant models. Single pollutant models show associations between respiratory-related ER visits with all pollutants of interest across all study years, even after adjusting for poverty and smoking by zip code. The largest relative single pollutant effect sizes considered included benzene, ethylbenzene, and total (summed) VOCs. Results from RFR including all VOC exposures indicate that ethylbenzene has the greatest variable importance for asthma, acute upper respiratory infections, and COPD, with toluene and benzene most important for lower respiratory ailments. RFR results also demonstrate presence of pairwise interactive effects between VOC pollutants. Our findings show that local VOC pollution may offer a significant contribution to the risk of respiratory disease-related ER visits, and that effects vary by illness and by VOC compound. ER visit rates for respiratory illness were elevated in high poverty zip codes, although this may be attributable to the fact that the poor lack basic access to health care and use ERs more frequently for routine care.

Keywords: Asthma; COPD; National emission inventory; New York state; Respiratory diseases; Smoking; VOCs pollution.