Association of Computer Vision Syndrome with Depression/Anxiety among Lebanese Young Adults: The Mediating Effect of Stress

Rita Issa; Michel Sfeir; Vanessa Azzi; Pascale Salameh; Maria Akiki; Marwan Akel; Souheil Hallit; Sahar Obeid; Diana Malaeb; Rabih Hallit

doi:10.3390/healthcare11192674

Association of Computer Vision Syndrome with Depression/Anxiety among Lebanese Young Adults: The Mediating Effect of Stress

Healthcare (Basel). 2023 Oct 2;11(19):2674. doi: 10.3390/healthcare11192674.

Authors

Rita Issa¹, Michel Sfeir², Vanessa Azzi¹, Pascale Salameh^{3

4

5

6}, Maria Akiki⁷, Marwan Akel^{4

8}, Souheil Hallit^{1

9

10}, Sahar Obeid¹¹, Diana Malaeb¹², Rabih Hallit^{1

13

14}

Affiliations

¹ School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon.
² Faculty of Social and Political Sciences (SSP), Institute of Psychology (IP), University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
³ School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos 5053, Lebanon.
⁴ INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut P.O. Box 12109, Lebanon.
⁵ Medical School, University of Nicosia, 2417 Nicosia, Cyprus.
⁶ Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadat 1103, Lebanon.
⁷ Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Michael's Medical Center, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
⁸ School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon.
⁹ Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan.
¹⁰ Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib P.O. Box 60096, Lebanon.
¹¹ Social and Education Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Jbeil P.O. Box 13-5053, Lebanon.
¹² College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman P.O. Box 4184, United Arab Emirates.
¹³ Department of Infectious Disease, Notre-Dame des Secours University Hospital, Byblos Postal Code 3, Lebanon.
¹⁴ Department of Infectious Disease, Bellevue Medical Center, Mansourieh P.O. Box 295, Lebanon.

Abstract

Computers have become indispensable in daily activities. With this excess use of electronics, computer vision syndrome (CVS), a highly prevalent condition, is associated with various symptoms. Although understanding the relationship between CVS and mental health has been reported, the impact of CVS has not been explored on more than one psychological aspect. We hypothesize that higher CVS symptoms could be associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression, mediated by higher stress. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the association between CVS and depression and anxiety among a sample of Lebanese young adults, along with evaluating the mediating effect of stress on these associations. Between August 2020 and April 2021, 749 participants completed an online questionnaire for this cross-sectional study. Females compared to males (Beta = 3.73) and those with CVS compared to those who did not (Beta = 3.14) were significantly associated with more anxiety, whereas having a university level of education compared to secondary or less (Beta = -3.02) was significantly associated with less anxiety. Females compared to males (Beta = 2.55) and those with CVS compared to those without (Beta = 2.61) were significantly associated with more depression, whereas being of an older age (Beta = -0.18) was significantly associated with less depression. Stress partially mediated the association between CVS and anxiety and between CVS and depression. More CVS was significantly associated with more stress (Beta = 3.05). Higher stress was significantly associated with more anxiety (Beta = 0.70) and depression (Beta = 0.71), whereas more CVS was significantly and directly associated with more anxiety (Beta = 3.14) and depression (Beta = 2.61). This study is the first worldwide to evaluate an association between CVS and mental health. Our results serve as a starting point for healthcare providers (psychiatrists and psychologists, most importantly) to look deeper into CVS when looking for reasons behind mental health issues. Further studies are warranted to confirm our results and look for more factors and mediators in such associations.

Keywords: Lebanon; adults; anxiety; computer vision syndrome; depression; stress.

Grants and funding

This research received no external funding.