How are experiences and acceptability of child maltreatment related to resilience and posttraumatic growth: a cross cultural study

Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2023;14(2):2264119. doi: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2264119. Epub 2023 Oct 13.

Abstract

Background: Post-traumatic growth (PTG) and resilience, regarded as positive psychological change following a traumatic experience, are under-researched across cultures in people exposed to child maltreatment (CM).Objective: We investigated how experiences and the perceived acceptability of CM are related to resilience and PTG in countries with different cultures, living standards, and gross national income.Method: A total of 478 adults from Cameroon (n = 111), Canada (n = 137), Japan (n = 108), and Germany (n = 122) completed an online survey with self-reported questionnaires, including the Brief Resilience Scale and the Post Traumatic Growth Inventory-Short Form.Results: Across countries, self-reported male gender and age were positively associated with resilience, while experiences of physical abuse and emotional maltreatment were negatively associated with resilience. Experiences of emotional maltreatment were positively associated with PTG. Higher levels of PTG and resilience were found amongst Cameroonian participants as compared to other countries.Conclusion: Our results suggest that positive changes following CM can vary significantly across cultures and that experiences of specific CM subtypes, but not the perceived acceptability of CM, may be important for a deeper understanding of how individuals overcome trauma and develop salutogenic outcomes. Our findings may inform CM intervention programmes for an enhanced cultural sensitivity.

Antecedentes: El crecimiento postraumático (PTG por sus siglas en ingles) y la resiliencia, considerados como un cambio psicológico positivo después de una experiencia traumática, no se han investigado lo suficiente en todas las culturas en personas expuestas a maltrato infantil (MI).

Objetivo: Investigamos cómo las experiencias y la aceptabilidad percibida del MI están relacionadas con la resiliencia y el PTG en países con diferentes culturas, niveles de vida e ingreso nacional bruto.

Método: Un total de 478 adultos de Camerún (n = 111), Canadá (n = 137), Japón (n = 108), y Alemania (n = 122) completaron una encuesta en línea con cuestionarios de auto-reporte, incluyendo la Escala Breve de Resiliencia y la versión corta del Inventario de Crecimiento Postraumático.

Resultados: En todos los países, el género masculino y la edad auto-informada se asociaron positivamente con resiliencia, mientras que las experiencias de abuso físico y maltrato emocional se asociaron negativamente con resiliencia. Las experiencias de maltrato emocional se asociaron positivamente con PTG. Se encontraron niveles más altos de PTG y resiliencia entre los participantes cameruneses comparado con los otros países.

Conclusión: Nuestros resultados sugieren que los cambios positivos después del MI pueden variar significativamente entre las culturas y que las experiencias de subtipos específicos de MI, pero no la aceptabilidad percibida del MI, pueden ser importantes para una comprensión más profunda de cómo las personas superan el trauma y desarrollan resultados salutogénicos. Nuestros hallazgos pueden informar los programas de intervención de MI para una mayor sensibilidad cultural.

背景:创伤后成长(PTG)和心理韧性被视为创伤经历后的积极心理变化,但在不同文化背景下,对遭受儿童虐待(CM)者的研究还不够。

目的:我们调查了在不同文化、生活水平和国民总收入的国家中,CM 的经验和感知可接受性与心理韧性和 PTG 之间的关系。

方法:来自喀麦隆 (n = 111)、加拿大 (n = 137)、日本 (n = 108) 和德国 (n = 122) 的总共 478 名成年人完成了一项自我报告问卷的在线调查,包括简要心理韧性量表和创伤后成长量表-简表。

结果:在各个国家中,自我报告的男性性别和年龄与心理韧性呈正相关,而身体虐待和情感虐待的经历与心理韧性呈负相关。情感虐待经历与 PTG 呈正相关。与其他国家相比,喀麦隆参与者表现出了更高水平的 PTG和韧性。

结论:我们的结果表明,CM 后的积极变化在不同文化中和特定 CM经历亚型可能存在显著差异,而不是 CM 的可接受性,对于更深入地了解个体如何克服创伤和发展有益结果可能很重要。我们的研究结果可以为 CM 干预计划提供信息,以增强文化敏感性。

Keywords: Child maltreatment; Crecimiento Postraumático; Maltrato infantil; acceptability of child maltreatment; aceptabilidad del maltrato infantil; cultura; culture; normas sociales percibidas; perceived social norms; posttraumatic growth; resilience; resiliencia; 儿童虐待; 儿童虐待的可接受性; 创伤后成长; 心理韧性; 感知到的社会规范; 文化.

Plain language summary

Across the four countries (Canada, Cameroon, Germany, Japan), more experiences of physical abuse and emotional maltreatment were associated with lower resilience; more experiences of emotional maltreatment were associated with greater post-traumatic growth.Higher levels of post-traumatic growth and resilience were found in Cameroon as compared to other countries.Positive changes following child maltreatment vary across cultures and experiences of specific child maltreatment subtypes, but the perceived acceptability of child maltreatment did not exert an influence on salutogenic post-traumatic outcomes.

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Adult Survivors of Child Abuse* / psychology
  • Cross-Cultural Comparison
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Posttraumatic Growth, Psychological*
  • Resilience, Psychological*

Grants and funding

This work was supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI [grant number JP23K02998] and a grant from McGill University. Dr. Langevin is supported by a Chercheur-Boursier Junior 1 Award from the Fonds de recherche du Québec – Santé (#310809). Dr. Wadji is supported by a Postdoc . Mobility grant by the Swiss National Science Foundation [grant number P500PS_214332, 2023]. M. Sc. Bartoli is supported by a doctoral scholarship funded by the German Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes (2019–2022).