Catatonia-like behavior and immune activation: a crosstalk between psychopathology and pathology in schizophrenia

Antonino Messina; Filippo Caraci; Eugenio Aguglia; Maria Salvina Signorelli

doi:10.1186/s12991-023-00471-0

Catatonia-like behavior and immune activation: a crosstalk between psychopathology and pathology in schizophrenia

Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2023 Oct 11;22(1):39. doi: 10.1186/s12991-023-00471-0.

Authors

Antonino Messina¹, Filippo Caraci^{2

3}, Eugenio Aguglia⁴, Maria Salvina Signorelli⁴

Affiliations

¹ Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, Catania, Italy. thomessina@gmail.com.
² Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
³ Neuropharmacology and Translational Neurosciences Research Unit, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy.
⁴ Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.

Abstract

Background: In Kalhbaum's first characterization of catatonia, the emotional symptoms, such as decreased or restricted expression of feelings and emotions, which is described as blunted affect, are related to the motor symptoms. In later years, the affective domain was excluded from the concept of catatonia and was not included among the diagnostic criteria in the various Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM) versions. In recent times, some authors have proposed the proposition of reevaluating the notion of catatonia through the reintroduction of the affective domain. The objective of this study was to examine the correlation between catatonic-like behavior (CLB), such as emotional withdrawal, blunted affect, and psychomotor slowing, and inflammatory markers, namely the neutrophil/lymphocytes ratio (NLR) and lymphocytes/monocytes ratio (LMR), in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia.

Method: A sample of 25 patients with schizophrenia (10 females, 15 males) was recruited, and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) was used to assess the severity of emotional withdrawal, blunted affect, and psychomotor slowing.

Findings: The correlation analysis (Spearman ρ) revealed a robust direct association between blunted affect and psychomotor slowing (ρ = 0.79, P = 0.001), and a significant direct correlation between CLB (emotional withdrawal, ρ = 0.51, P = 0.05; blunted affect ρ = 0.58, P = 0.05; motor retardation, ρ = 0.56, P = 0.05) and LMR (ρ = 0.53, P = 0.05). In addition, patients with a duration of illness (DOI) older than five years had a higher presence of CLB and a higher LMR than patients with a more recent diagnosis of the disease. Likely, patients with positive symptoms and in the prodromal and active stages of the disease have a different immune profile than patients in the residual stage and with a predominance of negative symptoms.

Conclusions: Psychomotor slowing and blunted affect are two significantly related features, representing the two-faced Janus of immobility. Furthermore, aggregating them in CLB is more predominant the longer the duration of schizophrenia and is associated with different a specific pattern of immune activation.

Keywords: Blunted affect; Catatonia; Catatonia-like behavior; Flat affect; Lymphocytes/monocytes ratio; Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; Psychomotor slowing; Schizophrenia.