The factors that are associated with nurse immigration in lower- and middle-income countries: An integrative review

Abstract

Aim: This study aims to synthesize the factors associated with nurse emigration from lower and middle-income countries.

Design: Integrative review.

Methods: An in-depth search of registries and five databases yielded 9466 records. Using the PRISMA guidelines, 11 were chosen after screening by two authors independently. The mixed methods appraisal tool (MMAT) was used to assess the risk of bias.

Results: The destination countries were Europe and North America, with an inclination for nurse migration of 14.3%-85%. Emigration factors were poor salary, working conditions, poor quality healthcare infrastructure; outdated healthcare technologies, lack of employment opportunities, younger age, relationship status (single), living environment, social pressure, urban residence, work experience, insecurity, high crime rates, political corruption and foreign language skills.

Public contribution: Healthcare authorities and nursing leaders must implement practical measures to minimize nurse emigration.

Keywords: a low-income country; emigration; foreign country; migration; nurses; review; workforce.